GB/T 15706-2012Safety of machinery -- General principles for design -- Risk assessment and risk reduction (English PDF)

3.1 Mechanical machinery; Machine

a combination of several zero, component connections and having a specific application purpose, wherein at least one of the components is movable, and Equipped or scheduled with a power system.

Note 1. The term "mechanical" also includes several machines that are arranged and controlled to function as a complete machine for the same application purpose. combination.

Note 2. Appendix A gives a general graphical representation of the machine.

3.2 Reliability

Machine, machine zero, component or equipment performs the specified functions under specified conditions and within the specified time limit without failure ability.

3.3 Maintainability

In the case of taking the necessary measures (maintenance) in accordance with the prescribed practices and using the prescribed methods, the machine can be kept under the intended use conditions.

The ability to achieve the state of its function or to restore it to this state.

3.4 Usability

Machine functions are easily understood due to characteristics or characteristics, etc., making the machine easy to use.

3.5 Injury harm

A physiological injury or hazard to health.

3.6 Dangerous hazard

Potential source of harm.

Note 1. The term "danger" may be derived from its origin (eg mechanical and electrical hazards) or its potential harm (eg shock hazard, cutting hazard, poisoning) Danger and fire hazard are limited.

Note 2. The hazards in this definition include.

--- Dangers that are always present during the intended use of the machine (eg movement of dangerous moving parts, arcing during welding, unfavorable to health) Kang's posture, noise emission, high temperature);

--- Accidental hazards (eg explosions, crushing hazards caused by accidental starts, jets caused by cracking, falling due to acceleration/deceleration).

3.7 Related dangers relevanthazard

The identified machine itself is present or has a machine-related hazard.

Note 1. The relevant hazard is the result of a step in the process described in Chapter 5.

Note 2. This term is the basic term for Class B and Class C standards.

3.8 Significant danger

It has been identified as a relevant hazard and requires the designer to use a special method to eliminate or reduce the risk based on the risk assessment.

Note: This term is a basic term for Class B and Class C standards.

3.9 Dangerous event hazardous event

An event that can cause harm.

Note: The occurrence of a dangerous event can be short-term or long-term.

3.10 Hazardous state

Refers to personnel exposed to at least one dangerous environment.

Note: This type of exposure may cause harm to personnel immediately or after a certain period of time.

3.11 Hazard zone; Danger zone

Expose personnel to any space inside and/or around the dangerous machinery.

3.12 Risk

The combination of the probability of injury and the severity of the injury.

3.13 Residual risk

The risks that still exist after taking protective measures.

Note 1. This standard distinguishes.

--- The residual risk of the designer after taking protective measures;

--- Remaining risks that still exist after all protective measures have been taken.

Note 2. Figure 2 can also be seen.

3.14 Risk estimate

Determine the severity of the injury and the probability of injury.

3.15 Risk analysis

A combination of machine limit determination, hazard identification and risk estimation.

3.16 Risk assessment

Based on the risk analysis, determine whether the goal of reducing risk has been achieved.

3.17 Risk assessment

The whole process including risk analysis and risk assessment.

3.18 Full risk reduction adequateriskreduction

At least comply with the requirements of laws and regulations and consider the risk reduction of the state of the art.

Note: The criteria for determining whether the risk is sufficiently reduced are given in 5.6.2.

3.19 Protective measure

Measures to achieve risk reduction. These measures are implemented by.

---Designer (intrinsic safety design, safety protection and supplementary protection measures, use information);

---Users (organizational measures. safe work procedures, supervision, work permit system; provision and use of additional security devices; use Physical protection equipment; training).

Note: See Figure 2.

3.20 Intrinsically safe design measures inherentlysafedesignmeasure

Eliminate hazards or reduce hazards by changing machine design or operating characteristics rather than using guards or guards Risk protection measures.

Note: See 6.2.

3.21 Safety guarding

Use safety guards to protect personnel's protective measures that keep people away from dangers that cannot be reasonably eliminated or The risk that cannot be adequately reduced through intrinsically safe design measures.

Note: See 6.3.

3.22 Use information

Protection measures consisting of information carriers (such as text, text, marks, signals, symbols, diagrams), which can be used individually or in combination The user passes the information.

Note: See 6.4.

3.23 Scheduled to use intended use

Use the machine according to the information provided in the instruction manual.

3.24 Reasonably foreseeable misuse

The machine is not used in accordance with the method prescribed by the designer but in accordance with the common and foreseeable human habits.

3.25 Task

Specific activities performed by one or more people on or near the machine during the life of the machine.

3.26 Safety guard

Protective or protective device.

3.27 Guard

Designed as an integral part of the machine to provide a physical barrier to protection.

Note 1. The guard can.

---Use alone. For movable guards, it is only effective when it is "closed"; for fixed guards, it is only "fixed" Bit" is valid.

---Use in conjunction with interlocks with or without protective locking. In this case, protection is provided regardless of the position of the guard effect.

Note 2. Depending on the structure of the guard, it may be referred to as an enclosure, shroud, cover, screen, door and enclosed guard.

Note 3. The terminology of guard type is defined in 3.27.1~3.27.6. The types of guards and their requirements are also found in 6.3.3.2 and GB/T 8196.

3.27.1 Fixed guard

Fixed in a certain way (such as with screws, nuts, welding), can only be opened or removed by using tools or breaking the fixing method. defensive equipment.

3.27.2 Movable guard

A guard that can be opened without the use of a tool.

3.27.3 Adjustable guard

Fixed or movable guards that are either fully or partially adjustable.

3.27.4 Interlocking guard

The guards used in conjunction with the interlocks, together with the machine control system, perform the following functions.

--- The dangerous machine function of "shadowing" cannot be performed before the guard is closed;

---When the dangerous machine function is running, if the guard is turned on, a stop command is issued;

--- Dangerous machine functions that are "shadowed" by the guard can be operated after the guard is closed. The closure of the guard itself will not Start dangerous machine function.

Note: Detailed provisions are given in GB/T 18831.

3.27.5 Interlocking guard with guard lock

The protection device combined with the interlocking device and the protective locking device realizes the following functions together with the machine control system.

--- Dangerous machine functions that are "shadowed" before the guard is closed and locked;

--- The guard remains closed and locked until the risk of the dangerous machine function "shielded" by the guard disappears;

--- Dangerous machine functions "masked" by the guard can be operated after the guard is closed and locked. Protective device itself Closing and locking does not activate dangerous machine functions.

Note: GB/T 18831 gives detailed regulations.

3.27.6 Interlocking guard with interlock function; Control guard

A special interlocking guard that, once it reaches the closed position, issues a command to trigger a dangerous function of the machine without the need for a separate start-up control.

Note: The detailed provisions on the conditions of use are given in 6.3.3.2.5.

3.28 Protective device

Safety guards other than guards.

Note: Examples of protection devices are given in 3.28.1~3.28.9.

3.28.1 Interlocking device; Interlocking

Mechanical, electrical or other means of preventing dangerous machine functions under certain conditions (usually as long as the guard is not closed) Type of device.

3.28.2 Enable device enablingdevice

An additional manual operating device that can be used with the start-up control and that only allows continuous operation of the machine.

3.28.3 Hold-run control device hold-to-runcontroldevice

A control device that triggers and maintains the function of the machine only when the manual controller (actuator) is actuated.

3.28.4 Two-hand control device

A control device that requires at least two hands to operate and activate and maintain dangerous machine functions, thereby providing the operator of the device with A protective measure.

Note: Detailed provisions are given in GB/T 19671.

3.28.5 Sensitive protection device; SPE

A device used to detect human or human parts and send correct signals to the control system to reduce the risk of the person being detected.

Note: When the human body or human body is outside the predetermined range, such as entering the danger zone---(trigger) or detecting the presence of someone in the predetermined area (presence induction), or Sensitive protection devices can signal when both of these conditions occur.

3.28.6 Active photoelectric protection device; AOPD

A device for performing an inductive function by a photo-emitting element and a receiving element can detect the occurrence of an opaque object in a specific area The interruption of light within the device.

Note: Detailed provisions are given in IEC 61496.

3.28.7 Mechanical suppression device

Devices that mechanically prevent dangerous movements (such as wedges, shafts, struts, pins) by their own strength are introduced into the mechanism.

3.28.8 Limit device

A device that prevents the state of a machine or hazardous machine from exceeding design limits (such as space limits, pressure limits, load torque limits, etc.).

3.28.9 Limited motion control device

Acting in conjunction with the machine control system, such that a single operation allows only limited movement of the machine components.

3.29 Blocking device impedingdevice

Physical obstacles (low barriers, railings, etc.). Its setting does not prevent people from entering the danger zone, but can block freedom by setting obstacles. Access, reduce the probability of entering the danger zone.

3.30 Safety function

A machine function that increases the risk immediately after failure.

3.31 Unexpectedly start; Abnormal start

Any initiation of risk to people due to their unpredictability.

Note 1. The examples of the reasons for this are as follows.

--- Startup command due to internal control failure of the control system or external factors affecting the control system;

--- Startup commands resulting from unsuitable actions on the start control of the machine or other components (such as sensors or power control components);

--- The power source is interrupted and resumed after the start;

--- The start of the machine's components is affected by internal or external influences (gravity, wind, automatic ignition of the internal combustion engine, etc.).

Note 2. Startup in the normal order of the automatic cycle of the machine is not an abnormal start, but it can be regarded as an unexpected start by the operator. In this case, the accident The precautions are based on safety precautions (see chapter 6.3).

Note 3. Rewritten according to the definition of GB/T 19670-2005 3.2.

3.32 Dangerous failure

Any failure caused by machinery or its power source that increases the risk.

3.33 Fault

The product cannot complete the status of the requested function. Preventive maintenance or other planned activities or in the absence of external resources. [IEV191-05-01]

Note 1. The fault is usually caused by the failure of the product itself, but even if the failure does not occur, the fault may exist.

Note 2. In the mechanical field, the term "fault" is usually used equivalently according to the definition given in IEV191-05-01.

Note 3. In practice, the terms "fault" and "failure" are often used synonymously.

3.34 Failure

Product completion requires an interruption in functional capabilities.

Note 1. After failure, the product is in a fault state.

Note 2. The difference between "failure" and "fault" is that failure is an event and failure is a state.

Note 3. The "failure" defined here does not apply to products consisting only of software. [IEV191-04-01]

3.35 Common cause failure

Failure of different products caused by a single event, these failures are not mutually causal.

Note: Common cause failure should not be confused with common mode failure. [IEV191-04-23]

3.36 Common mode failure

Products that are characterized by the same failure mode fail.

Note: Since common mode failure may be caused by different reasons, it is not appropriate to confuse common mode failure with common cause failure. [IEV191-04-24]

3.37 Malfunction

A machine failure that cannot perform the predetermined function.

Note: See b) 2) in 5.4 for an example.

3.38 Emergency

A dangerous state that needs to be terminated or avoided immediately.

Note: Emergency status.

--- can occur during normal machine operation (for example due to personnel interaction or external influence);

--- May be due to failure or failure of any part of the machine.

3.39 Emergency operation

All operations and functions used to terminate or avoid an emergency.

3.40 Emergency stop; Emergency stop function

This feature is scheduled to.

--- to prevent the occurrence of or reduce the existing danger to personnel, damage to machinery or work in progress;

--- Triggered by a single action.

Note: The detailed provisions are given in GB 16754.

3.41 Emission value

A value obtained by quantifying emissions (such as noise, vibration, harmful substances, and radiation) generated by the machine.

Note 1. The emission value is part of the machine performance information and is the basic data for risk assessment.

Note 2. The term "emission value" cannot be confused with the "exposure value". Exposure value is the quantification of the extent to which personnel are exposed to emissions during machine use. Exposure Values can be estimated using emission values.

Note 3. It is recommended to use standard methods (such as comparing with similar machines) to determine emission values and their accompanying uncertainties.

3.42 Comparable emissions data comparativeemissiondata

A set of emission value data collected from a similar machine for comparison.

Note: For comparison of noise, see GB/T 22156.