GB/T 8541-2012Terminology of forging and stamping (English PDF)

3.1 General terminology

3.1.1 Forging and stamping

Apply external force to the blank to produce plastic deformation, change size, shape and improve performance to manufacture mechanical parts, workpieces or blanks forming method. It is a general term for forging and stamping.

3.1.2 Plastic working

Use the plasticity of metal to change its shape, size and improve its properties, and obtain the processing method of profiles, bars, plates, wires or forgings. Law. It includes forging, stamping, extrusion, rolling, drawing, etc.

3.1.3 Pressure working

Use pressure to plastically deform metal to change shape, size and improve properties to obtain profiles, bars, plates, wires or forgings part processing method.

3.1.4 chipless machining

chiplessworking; chiplessmachining A process method in which metal blanks are directly obtained by casting, forging or other metal processing methods without further cutting.

3.1.5 Rotarymetalworking

A plastic working method in which only the billet is turned, or only the tool is turned, or both. Including longitudinal rolling, skew rolling, swing rolling, cross wedge rolling, roll bending, Roll forging, spinning, etc.

3.1.6 Sheet forming

A method of plastic working with sheets, thin-walled tubes, thin profiles, etc. as raw materials.

3.1.7 Bulkforming

A method of plastic working with bar or ingot as raw material.

3.1.8 Hot forging

A forging process performed above the recrystallization temperature of the metal.

3.1.9 Warm forging

In general, it refers to the forging process carried out in the range above room temperature and below the recrystallization temperature.

3.1.10 Cold forging

Forging process carried out at room temperature. Including cold extrusion, cold heading, cold stamping, etc.

3.1.11 Isothermal forging

A forging method in which the temperature remains constant throughout the forging process. This method requires heating the mold and billet to the forging temperature.

3.1.12 Primary metal working

A general term for the processing processes used to manufacture raw materials such as plates, bars, and profiles.

3.1.13 Secondary metalworking

The raw materials (plates, bars, profiles, etc.) that have been obtained by the primary forming process are subjected to plastic processing again to manufacture mechanical parts, A method of forming a workpiece or blank.

3.1.14 Forming

The process of plastically deforming a solid material to obtain an article of the desired shape and size.

3.1.15 Preforming

The blank shape is partially changed to obtain a shape more suitable for further plastic deformation.

3.1.16 Hot forming

The forming process of metals above the recrystallization temperature. For metal materials, this temperature is about the metal dissolution temperature (K, Kelvin) degrees) 40%.

3.1.17 Warmforming

In general, it refers to the forming process of the material in the range above room temperature and below the recrystallization temperature.

3.1.18 Cold forming

The material is not subjected to any preheating before forming, i.e. a forming process at room temperature.

3.1.19 Forging

Under the action of pressure equipment and tools (molds), the billets and ingots are partially or completely plastically deformed to obtain a certain geometric size, Methods of machining forgings of shape and quality.

3.1.20 Stamping;pressing;sheetforming

A general term for the process of separating or forming sheets to obtain parts.

3.1.21 Rolling roling

The metal material (or non-metallic material) produces continuous plastic deformation under the pressure of the rotating roll to obtain the required cross-sectional shape and The methods of changing its performance can be divided into three types. longitudinal rolling, cross rolling and cross rolling according to the relationship between the axis of the roll and the rolling line and the direction of the roll.

3.1.22 Extrusion

Under the action of three-way uneven compressive stress in the closed die cavity, the blank is extruded from the orifice or gap of the die, so that the cross-sectional area is reduced. The processing method for the desired product.

3.1.23 Upsetting heading; upsetting

Pressing or hammering in the axial direction of the billet causes local upsetting deformation of the metal.

3.1.24 Drawing

The billet is pulled out through the die hole under the action of traction force, causing it to plastically deform to obtain a process of reducing the section and increasing the length.

3.1.25 Spinning metal

A process method for processing metal hollow rotating body parts. As the spinning die or spinning tool rotates around the blank, the spinning tool and the blank The relative feed causes the blank to be compressed and produces continuous local deformation or separation, which includes ordinary spinning, thinning spinning and separation spinning.

3.2 Raw materials

3.2.1 Bar

A rolled product with a uniform cross-section, whose cross-section is circular or polygonal.

3.2.1.1 Hot rolled bar

hot rolled bar blackbar; hotrolledbarstock Bars produced by the hot rolling process.

3.2.1.2 Bright bar

Bars with bright surface after cold drawing or light turning, polishing, peeling and other mechanical processing of the bar according to a certain design tolerance.

3.2.1.3 Drawing bar

Cold drawn bar steel. Usually hot rolled bars are used for cold drawing.

3.2.1.4 Extruded shape

Long profiles manufactured by hot extrusion.

3.2.2 Sheetsheetmaterial;sheetmetal;sheet

A smooth, flat metal semi-product rolled from a slab whose length and width are far greater than the thickness.

3.2.2.1 strip material; strip

A sheet of metal whose width is relatively small compared to its length. The length can be so large that it has to be rolled up, which is commonly referred to as roll stock.

3.2.2.2 Coil;coiledstrip;coilstock;coilstrip;coilmetal

Tightly wound into a cylindrical continuous strip.

3.2.2.3 Strip shearedstrip

A sheet cut from a sheet whose width is less than its length.

3.2.2.4 Cold-rolled steelsheet;coldrolingsteelsheet

The final finishing operation is the cold rolled steel plate.

3.2.2.5 Specially rolled steel sheet suitable for deep drawing deformation

3.2.2.6 After surface treatment, the surface has a certain thickness of plated (infiltrated) and coated steel plates, such as galvanized sheet, tin-plated sheet, aluminized sheet, lead-tin alloy

Plate, chrome-plated plate, copper-plated plate, color-coated plate, niobium-infiltrated plate, titanium-infiltrated plate, etc.

3.2.2.7 Thick plate

Sheets with a thickness of 5mm or more.

3.2.2.8 Mediumplate

Sheets with a thickness of 3mm~5mm.

3.2.2.9 thin plate; sheet; thinsheet Sheets with a thickness of less than 3mm.

3.2.2.10 sheetgauge; sheetthickness

The thickness of the sheet is measured according to a standard system.

3.2.3 Wire

By drawing or rolling, the metal bar is made into circular or arbitrary cross-section, long-length filament, the diameter of which is about 15mm or less, and the coil is In a disc shape, available in great lengths.

3.3 Blank (blank)

3.3.1 Die cut blank croppedpiece

A section of material separated from flat steel, without material loss during punching.

3.3.2 Flat blank

A piece of metal material cut or punched from sheet or strip.

3.3.3 Circular blank

Circular blanks as blanks for the forming process.

3.3.4 scrap scrap; sheet scrap

Material remaining after blanking, shearing, grooving, trimming, etc., or scraps that cannot be used for further processing.

3.3.4.1 Scrap side selvedge

The outer edge of the scrap left over from the blanking process of the strip or strip.

3.4 Stamping parts

3.4.1 blanked part; blank

A plane piece punched from a sheet or strip, and its contour lines are all surrounded by the interior of the sheet or strip, which can be used as a preform. parts, and can also be used as finished parts.

3.4.2 Bent part

bentpart; bentcomponent; bendingpart A workpiece formed by a bending process.

3.4.3 Coin part

coinpart; coiningpart A workpiece formed by an embossing process.

3.4.4 Drawing part

A workpiece obtained by deep drawing a sheet metal.

3.4.5 Cup deepdrawncup

A cylindrical hollow part closed at one end obtained by a deep drawing process on a press.

3.4.6 Shearpart;blank

Product parts cut from sheet metal.

3.4.7 Fine blanking part

A workpiece made of sheet metal by a precision blanking process.

3.5 Forgings

3.5.1 A partially formed forging whose shape is intermediate between the billet and the final forging.

3.5.2 Finishedforging

The forging formed by the last deformation step.

3.5.3 Forgings whose tolerances can be achieved economically

3.5.4 Precision forgingsclose-toleranceforging

Forgings with smaller dimensional tolerances than ordinary precision forgings.

3.5.5 Free forging open-dieforging;

freeforging Only use simple universal tools, or directly apply external force to the blank between the upper and lower anvils of the forging equipment to deform the blank. Forgings of desired geometry and internal quality.

3.5.6 A workpiece or blank obtained by forging a metal material through a tire die

3.5.8 Cold forging

A workpiece or blank obtained by forging and deforming a metal material at room temperature.

3.5.9 Cold extrusion

A part or billet manufactured by cold extrusion.

3.5.10 Cold heading

Parts made of metal materials by cold heading process.

3.5.11 Rolforging

A workpiece or blank manufactured by the roll forging process.

3.5.7 Die forging

A workpiece or blank obtained by deforming a metal material through die forging.

3.5.7.1 Steel die forging

A workpiece or blank obtained by deforming a steel material through die forging.

4.1 Rigid-perfectlyplasticbody

Under the condition of large deformation, an assumption is put forward for the deformable body in order to simplify the analysis problem. The material is rigid before the yield point Once it reaches the yield point, it enters the plastic flow state, and the flow stress does not change with the strain.