GB/T 36484-2018Metalforming machinery—Terminology (English PDF)

3.1 Forging machinery basic terminology

3.1.1 Forging machinery; forming machine

Applying an external force to the material to cause plastic deformation, change size or shape, and improve performance for manufacturing mechanical parts, workpieces, or blanks Forming machine.

Note: Refer to GB/T 28761 for the specific model and name.

3.1.2 Mechanical press

The mechanical drive drives the press of the working mechanism, and the working mechanism is generally composed of a crank, a connecting rod, a slider and the like.

3.1.3 Hydraulic press

The general name of a press that uses a hydraulic drive to drive a slider or a working part is divided into a hydraulic press and a hydraulic press depending on the medium.

3.1.4 Automatic forging press

A forging machine that can automatically complete the work cycle and shape the product.

3.1.5 Hammer

Using the kinetic energy accumulated in the working part (the falling part or the moving part) to strike the forging at the lower stroke to make the forging a plastic change The general name of the shape of the forging machine.

3.1.6 Forging machine

A machine forging forgings of a certain geometric size, shape and quality.

3.1.7 Shearing machinery

A machine that separates materials by shearing. According to the transmission form, it is divided into mechanical and hydraulic.

3.1.8 Press brake and flanging machine

A machine that bends a sheet or profile with the relative motion of the mold.

3.1.9 Bending machinery

A machine that bends a blank or a part into a specified shape by means of a mechanical mechanism by means of a working mechanism or a work tool.

3.1.10 Straightening machinery

A machine that corrects a formed blank or article to an accurate shape and size.

3.1.11 Automatic production line

The automatic transfer device and the control system are connected by a plurality of main engines and auxiliary machines according to the process flow, and an automatic working work line is realized.

3.1.12 Functional unit

A component that implements a function of a forging machine.

3.1.13 Ordinary forging machinery; ordinary forming machine

Forging machinery with precision and performance in accordance with the general requirements specified in the product standards.

3.1.14 Precision forging machinery; precision forming machine

Forging machinery with precision and performance in accordance with the precision grade requirements specified in the product standards.

3.1.15 Super precision forging machinery; ultra-precision forming machine

Forging machinery with precision and performance in accordance with the ultra-precision grade requirements specified in the product standards.

3.1.16 CNC forging machinery; CNC forming machine tool

A program pre-programmed according to the processing requirements, a machine that performs a digital processing command by the control system to forge the workpiece.

3.1.17 Economical NC forging machinery

CNC forging machine with simple CNC system.

3.1.18 High-grade CNC forging machinery

CNC forging machine with high performance CNC system.

3.1.19 Machining center

A CNC forging machine that can automatically change molds and realize automatic machining.

3.1.20 Compound forging machine

A CNC forging machine capable of performing a variety of machining processes with two or more different types of forging work modes.

3.1.21 Flexible manufacturing (processing) unit

The production equipment consists of one or more CNC forging machines or machining centers that can automatically process workpieces in different processes.

3.1.22 Flexible manufacturing (processing) system

It consists of one or more CNC forging machines or machining centers that can automatically process different workpiece systems.

3.1.23 Automation

Using some devices and machines instead of manual operations, the production process is sequentially organized in an automatic processing, automatic detection, automatic Control, automatic adjustment and automatic management in a unified system.

3.1.24 Forged automatic line

The automatic transfer device and the control system are connected by a plurality of main engines and auxiliary machines according to the forging process to realize the automatic working forging Production line.

3.1.25 Stamping automatic line

The automatic transfer device and the control system are connected by a plurality of main engines and auxiliary machines according to the stamping process flow, and the automatic working punching is realized. Production line.

3.2 Forging machinery operation terminology

3.2.1 Inching

An operating specification that allows the actuator to obtain intermittent small fixed displacements (eg, for mold adjustment purposes).

3.2.2 Jog

Pressing the start button, the actuator moves according to the set path, releases the start button, and the actuator stops immediately.

3.2.3 Micromotion

A manual signal generator is used to generate a pulse signal to achieve an operational specification of the actuator stroke.

3.2.4 Single stroke

Once started, the actuator only completes one work cycle and stops at the set position.

3.2.5 Continuous stroke

After startup, the actuator performs a continuous duty cycle until it stops.

3.2.6 Set point stop

Let the actuator stop at the set position.

3.2.7 Emergency stop

Stop the actuator with an emergency stop.

3.2.8 Two-hand control; two-hand operation

The operator must operate both hands at the same time, the actuator can start the stroke, and the one-hand operation cannot be started.

3.2.9 One-hand operation

Operate the start button with one hand.

3.2.10 Pedal operation

Operate with a foot switch or a foot lever.

3.2.11 Multi-operator operation

Two or more people work together.

3.2.12 Manual

A single action that is done directly by hand.

3.2.13 Semi-automatic

Can complete the action of a work cycle (excluding loading and unloading, etc.).

3.2.14 Automatic

Complete the continuous work cycle (including loading and unloading, etc.) according to the predetermined procedure.

3.2.15 Pressure holding

The pressure of the hydraulic system is maintained for a specified period of time.

3.2.16 Emergency return

The action of making the actuator return quickly.

3.2.17 Mobile workbench moves out

The action of moving from the working position (upward) to the mold position.

3.2.18 Mobile workbench reset

The action from the mold position to the work position (before the descent).

3.3 Process terminology

Forging process terminology is given in GB/T 8541. For ease of use, some of the terms and definitions in GB/T 8541 are repeated below.

3.3.1 Forging and stamping

Applying an external force to the blank to plastically deform, change size, shape and improve performance for the manufacture of mechanical parts, workpieces or blanks Forming processing method. It is a general term for forging and stamping.

3.3.2 Metal plastic processing

Using the plasticity of the metal to change its shape, size and performance, and to obtain the processing of profiles, bars, plates, wires or forgings law. It includes forging, stamping, extrusion, rolling, drawing, and the like.

3.3.3 Chipless working; chipless machining

The metal blank is directly obtained by casting, forging or other metal processing methods, and the cutting process is not required.

3.3.4 Metal rotary machining

A plastic working method in which only the metal billet is rotated or only the tool is rotated or both are rotated.

Note: including vertical rolling, cross rolling, pendulum rolling, cross wedge rolling, roll bending, roll forging, spinning and so on.

3.3.5 Sheet forming

A method of plastic working using a sheet material, a thin-walled tube, a thin profile, or the like as a raw material.

3.3.6 Volume forming

A method of plastic working using a bar or an ingot as a raw material.

3.3.7 Hot forging

A forging process performed above the metal recrystallization temperature.

3.3.8 Warm forging

In general, it refers to a forging process carried out at temperatures above and below the recrystallization temperature.

3.3.9 Cold forging

A forging process performed at room temperature. Including cold extrusion, cold heading, cold stamping, etc.

3.3.10 Isothermal forging

The forging process in which the temperature is kept constant throughout the forging process. This method requires heating both the mold and the blank to the forging temperature.

3.3.11 Forming

The process of plastically deforming a metal material to obtain an article of the desired shape and size.

3.3.12 Hot forming

The forming process of the metal above the recrystallization temperature.

3.3.13 Warm forming

In general, it refers to the forming process of the metallic material at temperatures above and below the recrystallization temperature.

3.3.14 Cold forming

A forming process in which a metallic material is carried out at room temperature.

3.3.15 Forging

Under the action of the external load and the tool (mold), the blank and the ingot are locally or completely plastically deformed to obtain a certain geometric shape and shape. Processing method for forgings of quality and quality.

3.3.16 Stamping; pressing; sheet forming

A process for separating or forming a sheet to obtain a part.

3.3.17 Rolling

Metallic materials (or non-metallic materials) produce continuous plastic deformation under the pressure of the rotating rolls to obtain the required size, shape, The performance method can be divided into vertical rolling, cross rolling and cross rolling according to the relationship between the roll axis and the rolling line and the roll turning.

3.3.18 Extrusion

The billet is extruded from the orifice or slit of the mold under the action of three-direction compressive stress in the closed cavity, so that the cross section changes and becomes required. The processing method of the product.

3.3.19 Upsetting; heading

Pressurization or hammering in the axial direction of the blank causes local tough deformation of the metal.

3.3.20 Drawing

The blank is pulled out through the die hole under the action of the traction force to cause plastic deformation to obtain a process in which the cross section becomes smaller and the length is increased.

3.3.21 Spinning

A process for processing a metal hollow rotary body member. Spinning tool and blank in spinning of spinning mold or spinning tool around blank Relative to the feed, the billet is pressed and produces continuous local deformation or separation, which includes ordinary spinning, thinning spinning and separating spinning.

3.3.22 Roll forging

The workpiece or blank is manufactured by a roll forging process.

3.3.23 Free forging; open-die forging; flat die forging

Use only a simple versatile tool or directly deform the blank between the upper and lower anvils of the forging equipment to achieve the desired geometry and interior The method of quality forgings.

3.3.24 Die forging; closed-die forging; drop forging

A forging method of a forging is obtained by deforming a blank by a mold.

3.3.25 Multi-directional forging; multi-ram forging; cored forging

A forging method that simultaneously loads in multiple directions. It is carried out in a closed mold having a plurality of parting faces.

3.3.26 Precision forging; net-shape forging

One of the forging methods. The high precision of the forgings does not require or require a small amount of machining.

3.3.27 Sizing

The final process of machining a part into a precise size in a mold.

3.3.28 Blanking

A stamping method that uses a die to separate the sheet from the blank in a closed contour.

3.3.29 Precision blanking; fine blanking

The blanking ring is used to make the blanking zone of the sheet under the action of three-way compressive stress, suppressing the occurrence of shear cracking and realizing the blanking of plastic deformation separation. method.

3.3.30 Blanking

A stamping method for obtaining a part or a blank of a certain shape by punching.

3.3.31 Punching; piercing

The material in the stamping blank is separated by a closed contour to obtain a stamping method for the perforated article.

3.3.32 Shearing

The metal material is cut by a blade.

3.3.33 Nibbling

The stamping or forming is performed on the sheet along a predetermined route by means of a fast reciprocating punch.

3.3.34 Bending

A method of forming a sheet, a profile or a tube into a part having a certain curvature and angle under the action of a bending moment.

3.3.35 Stretch bending; tensile bending

A method in which a blank is bent along a mold in a tensioned state.

3.3.36 Roll bending

The sheet material is subjected to the frictional force when the roller shaft rotates, and the method of plastic bending is continuously entered between the roller shafts.

3.3.37 Roll forming

The strip is sequentially bent and formed by an array of rollers having a groove, and finally a method for processing a desired shape is obtained.

3.3.38 Curling; edge coiling

A method of forming a sheet or profile end that is nearly closed and that bends the sheet or profile into a circular workpiece.

3.3.39 Straight bending

A bending process in which a slab is linearly formed by a V-shaped or U-shaped punch and a die.

3.3.40 Straightening

A plastic working method for turning a flexed sheet, profile, and tube into a flat state. Common straightening methods include roll straightening and tension correction. Straight, pressure straightening, etc.

3.3.41 Deep drawing; drawing

Applying tensile or compressive stress to the blank using a rigid mold to form the slab blank into a cylindrical or conical shape with or without flanges Pieces. The processing method is basically the same thickness.

3.3.42 Necking

A method of pressurizing the ends of a tubular member or a hollow member to reduce its radial size.

3.3.43 Coining

The end face of the die is extruded into the slab, so that part or all of the surface of the slab is pressed, and the thickness is changed to fill the cavity to form a pattern, a groove or a word. Forming method of the character.

3.3.44 Twisting

A method of forming a part of a stamped part into a certain angle under the action of a torque.

3.3.45 Flaring; expansion

A method of pressurizing the ends of a tubular member or a hollow member to expand its radial dimension.

3.3.46 Bulging

A method of forming a desired part by plastically deforming a sheet or a hollow billet under the action of a high-pressure liquid or gas and a mold.

3.3.47 Plastic sizing

A method of correcting a formed article to an accurate shape and size.

3.3.48 Flattening; leveling

Placing uneven blanks or parts between two smooth or stencil-shaped flat stencils to reverse the uneven parts Deformation to the bend to obtain a method of processing a high flatness part or article.

3.3.49 Multi-roller correction

Passing the sheet through a number of staggered rolls, resulting in repeated bending deformation, resulting in processing of highly flat parts or articles method.

3.3.50 Stretcher leveling; stretcher straightening

A method of making the sheet flat by a stretching process.

3.3.51 Temper rolling; roll leveling; skin passing; pinch passing

The sheet material is stretched in a small amount by cold rolling to obtain a method for processing a high flatness part or article.

3.3.52 Stretch forming

The edge of the sheet is clamped by the jaws, and the sheet is pulled and formed along the punch by the relative movement of the punch and the jaw.

3.3.53 Explosive forming

A method of plastically deforming a billet through different media by utilizing a high-energy shock wave generated when an explosive is exploded.

3.3.54 Electro-hydraulic forming

A method of plastically deforming a billet by using a high-energy shock wave generated during high-voltage discharge in a liquid medium.

3.3.55 Electromagnetic forming

A method in which a magnetic field generated by a current is passed through a coil, and a magnetic force acts on the blank to plastically deform the workpiece.

3.3.56 Sheet hydroforming

A method in which a liquid (water or oil) is used as a pressure transmitting medium to cause plastic deformation of a sheet material in a mold shape.

3.3.57 Pneumatic forming

Using high-plasticity and low-flow stress (deformation resistance) characteristics of certain materials under specific conditions, low-pressure gas can be used as a force transmission.

A process in which a medium forms a sheet in the shape of a mold.

3.3.58 Vacuum forming

Utilizing the high plasticity and low flow stress (deformation resistance) properties of certain materials, vacuuming between the sheet and the mold, using atmospheric pressure A method of making a part or its blank by deforming the sheet and adhering it to the mold.

3.3.59 Tube hydroforming

Internal high pressure forming A cold forming process is that a pipe is used as a blank to apply a high pressure liquid and an axial feed through a pipe to press a pipe into a mold cavity.

It is shaped into a workpiece of the desired shape. According to the type of parts, it is usually divided into high-pressure forming in the reduced-diameter tube and high-pressure forming in the curved-axis shaped section tube. Shape and multi-pass tube internal high pressure forming.

3.3.60 Multi-point forming

Replace the overall mold with a regular array of basic body (or punch) lattices, by changing the position coordinates of the height direction of the basic body, from the basic body The envelope surface of the ball head forms the desired forming surface for rapid prototyping of the sheet.

3.3.61 Roll embossing

The planar material is passed between the two rolls to roll a concave-convex shape such as a pattern on the surface of the blank.

3.3.62 Longitudinal rolling

The axes of the rolls are parallel, the direction of rotation is opposite, and the rolled parts are rolled in a linear motion.

3.3.63 Roll forging

The blank is plastically deformed by a pair of oppositely rotating fan-shaped dies. After the blank is bitten by the fan-shaped roll forging die, the height direction is compressed.

A small part of the metal is wide, and most of the metal flows in the direction of extension, forming a variable section forging. Thereby obtaining the forging of the required forging or forging Process.

3.3.64 Cross-rolling

A rolling method in which the axis of the roll is parallel to the axis of the rolling stock and the rolls are rotated relative to the rolled piece.

3.3.65 Cross wedge rolling; transverse wedge rolling

Two (or three) rolls with wedge-shaped dies whose axes are parallel to each other and rotate in the same direction. The bar is reversed by its action Rolling to the rotation.

3.3.66 Gear rolling

A method of forming a tooth portion by rotating a side with a toothed tool (roller) while rotating.

3.3.67 Ring rolling

The ring member continuously bites into the rolling hole type formed by the driving roller and the core roller, and produces a rotary machining with reduced wall thickness, enlarged diameter, and profiled profile. The process, also known as rolling or expanding.

3.3.68 Flat die thread rolling

When the two jaws are moved relative to each other, the blank between them is rolled into a spiral groove.

3.3.69 Threading

A method of processing a billet between which the billet is rolled into a spiral groove by the rotation of the rolling die.

3.3.70 Forward extrusion; direct extrusion

An extrusion forming method in which the direction in which the blank flows out of the die hole is the same as the direction in which the punch moves.

3.3.71 Backward extrusion; indirect extrusion

A part of the blank flows out along the gap between the dies, and the flow direction is opposite to the direction in which the punch moves.

3.3.72 Radial extrusion; lateral extrusion

The extrusion method in which the blank is extruded in the radial direction.

3.3.73 Hydrostatic extrusion

In a squeeze cylinder filled with a liquid medium, the punch applies pressure to the medium, and the medium transfers pressure to the end faces and sides of the blank, thereby completing The method of the extrusion process.

3.3.74 Warm hydrostatic extrusion

The billet is heated to a hydrostatic extrusion below the recrystallization temperature.

3.3.75 Cup extrusion; can extrusion

The solid blank is extruded into a cup by an annular space formed by the wall of the extrusion barrel and a punch or extrusion tool.

3.3.76 Tube extrusion

The hollow blank or the blank with the blind holes is extruded into a tube through a ring gap formed by the die hole and the mandrel.

3.3.77 Sheet extrusion

The width of the blank is much larger than the thickness, and there is only one extrusion process in which the thickness direction is reduced when passing through the die.

3.3.78 Cold extrusion

Extrusion processing at room temperature.

3.3.79 Warm extrusion

In general, it refers to extrusion processing carried out at temperatures above and below the recrystallization temperature.

3.3.80 Hot extrusion

The metal is heated to an extrusion process performed above the recrystallization temperature.

3.3.81 Cold heading; cold upsetting

At normal temperature, the bar is partially roughed on a cold heading machine.

3.3.82 Single-blow heading