GB/T 8005.1-2019Aluminium and aluminium alloy terms and definitions—Part 1: Product and method of processing and treatment (English PDF)

2.1 Aluminum, alloys, alloying elements, impurities

2.1.5 Aluminum alloy

An alloy, which takes aluminum as its matrix, AND the aluminum mass fraction of which is less than 99.00%.

2.1.6 Alloying element

Metallic or non-metallic elements, which are added to the base aluminum, in order to make aluminum and aluminum alloys have certain characteristics.

2.1.7 Impurity

Metal or non-metal elements that exist in aluminum and aluminum alloys BUT are not intentionally added or retained.

2.2 Molten aluminum, aluminum ingots, ingots

2.2.1 Molten aluminum

Molten aluminum and aluminum alloys for casting.

2.2.2 Primary aluminum ingot

Aluminum ingots, which are produced by alumina-cryolite molten salt electrolysis.

2.2.3 Recycled aluminum ingot

Aluminum ingots, which are obtained by melting and casting from recycled aluminum scrap.

2.2.4 Ingot

Ingots, which have cast structure AND are used for remelting casting, machining or deformation processing.

2.2.5 Ingot for casting

Remelting ingots, which are used to produce aluminum alloy castings.

2.2.6 Wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy ingots

2.2.6.1 Rolling ingot

Ingots for rolling production.

2.2.6.2 Extrusion ingot

Ingots for extrusion production.

3.1 Electrolysis process

3.1.1 Electrolysis

A process for smelting metallic aluminum, that uses cryolite-aluminum oxide molten salt electrolysis to decompose aluminum oxide into metallic aluminum, through a large current, in an electrolytic cell.

3.2 Smelting and casting process

3.2.1 Casting process

The process of pouring liquid metal into a mold and solidifying it.

3.2.2 Sand casting process

A casting method, in which liquid metal is poured into a sand mold (under normal pressure) and solidified.

3.2.3 Permanent mould casting process

A method of casting, in which liquid metal is poured into a mould, which is made of a durable material such as iron or steel, and solidifies.

3.2.7 Continuous casting

A continuous casting method, in which after the liquid metal solidifies rapidly in the water-cooled crystallizer or mold, the crystallizer is filled with molten metal, while being continuously pulled out.

3.2.16 Deslagging

The process of removing slag from the melt.

3.2.17 Spray forming

A process of forming ingots, in which high-pressure inert gas is used to atomize and break the metal flow into fine droplets; make them fly at high speed along the axis of the nozzle and cool them; before these droplets are completely solidified, they are deposited on a receiver, which has a certain shape and specific movement.

3.2.18 Turning/scalping

The process of removing surface defects of round ingots, using a lathe or peeling machine.

3.3 Processing technology

3.3.4 Cold working

The process of plastic deformation of metal, at temperatures that produce work hardening.

3.3.5 Strain hardening

The phenomenon of improving the metal strength and hardness and appropriately reducing the plasticity, by changing the texture and structure of metal, through plasticized processing.

3.3.6 Permanent set

Plastic deformation, that remains after the force that produced the strain is completely removed.

3.3.7 Stress relieving (mechanical)

The process of reducing residual stress in a product, through pre-tension or pre-compression deformation.

3.3.8 Finishing

The process of correcting formed products into the required shape and size.

3.3.9 Stretch straightening

The process of flattening rolled products OR straightening extruded or drawn products, by applying sufficient tension, to eliminate distortion and deformation.

3.3.10 Roller straightening

A process of passing the extruded products or drawn products through a series of small rollers with sufficient numbers, to eliminate uniform bends that have not been eliminated during stretch straightening.

3.3.11 Flattening/levelling

The process of smoothing the product, by eliminating deformation in sheets, strips, foils, through stretching, rolling, local twisting, or bending.

3.3.12 Roller leveling

The process of flattening sheets or plates, by rolling them between a series of spaced rollers.

3.3.13 Tension leveling

The process of using a series of spaced rollers to continuously apply tension to a curved strip, to flatten it.

3.3.14 Rolling

A process, in which metal passes between two rollers rotating in opposite directions AND produces plastic deformation.

3.3.15 Double rolling

The process of laminating and rolling two rolls of foil.

3.3.16 Casting-rolling

A process, in which the metal melt is directly solidified and hot-rolled, between two rotating casting rolls with a water-cooling system, to produce semi-finished products or finished products.

3.3.17 Continuous casting-rolling

A process of installing hot rolling mill behind the continuous casting machine, to make the continuous casting ingot be continuously subject to plastic deformation, before it is cooled below the recrystallization temperature.

3.3.18 Groove rolling

The rolling process of tubes, bars, wire blanks, through the pass pattern, which is composed of the rolling grooves of the roll.

3.3.19 Skin pass

The process of gently cold rolling sheet or strip, to improve the surface finish.

3.3.20 Slitting

The process of using rotating scissors to cut strips into rolls of two or more widths.

3.3.21 Trimming

The process of cutting off excess metal from the edges of semi-finished products.

3.3.22 Shearing/sawing

The process of dividing metal, by means of a guillotine or saw blade.

3.3.28 Perforation extrusion

An extrusion method in which, after extrusion and filling, a perforation needle is used to penetrate the solid ingot OR a hollow ingot with an inner diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the extrusion needle is used for extrusion.

3.3.29 Continuous extrusion

An extrusion method, in which metal blanks are continuously extruded from die holes.

3.3.35 Extrusion seam

When extruding profiles using a split-flow combined die, welding marks which are produced by pressure welding AND exist along the longitudinal direction of the extruded product.

3.3.36 Drawing

The process of pulling out the metal blank from the die hole, to reduce its cross-sectional area and produce a certain process of work hardening.

3.3.37 Shaving

A process in which hot-rolled rods, tubes or wires are pulled out of sharp die holes, to remove the thin surface layer.

3.3.38 Forging and stamping

The forming process of using the hammer, anvil, punch of the forging machine OR through the mold to exert pressure on the blank, to cause plastic deformation, to obtain products of the required shape and size. It is the collective name of forging and stamping.

3.3.39 Forging

A processing method of forging, in which forging machinery is used to apply pressure to the metal blank, to cause plastic deformation, to obtain forgings with certain geometric size, shape, quality.

3.3.40 Isothermal forging

A forging method, which keeps the billet temperature constant, during the entire forging process.

3.3.41 Hot isostatic pressing

A process, that utilizes uniform static pressure in all directions, at high temperatures.

3.3.42 Stamping

The process of applying external force to the metal blank, through presses and molds, to cause corresponding plastic deformation or even separation, thereby obtaining products of the desired shape and size.

3.3.43 Shallow drawing

A process in which sheet/thick foil metal flows plastically between molds (usually the sheet/thick foil wall thickness does not become thinner), to form a shallow concave part (the ratio of tank height to tank diameter is less than 1).

3.3.44 Deep drawing

A process in which sheet metal undergoes multiple plastic flows between molds (usually the wall thickness of the sheet does not become thinner), to form deep concave parts (the ratio of tank height to tank diameter is not less than 1).

3.3.45 Drawing and wall ironing

A process, in which the sheet/thick foil metal flows plastically between molds, while thinning the wall thickness of the sheet, to form a deep concave part.

3.3.46 Metal spinning

A process, in which a metal hollow rotary body blank is fixed on the mold of the spinning machine, to apply pressure to the blank through spinning mold or spinning tool, whilst the blank rotates with the spindle of the machine, thereby causing continuous local plastic deformation of the blank.

Note: Including ordinary spinning, thinning spinning, separation spinning, etc.

3.3.47 Internal high pressure forming

A process in which a tube is used as a blank, a high-pressure liquid and axial force are applied inside the tube, to press the tube into the mold cavity, to form a workpiece of the desired shape.

3.4 Thermal/heat treatment process

3.4.1 Thermal/heat treatment

The process of obtaining the expected structure and performance of metal workpieces, through heating, insulation, cooling.

3.4.2 Temper

A name given to a metal, after it has developed unique properties, through certain production processes (such as plastic processing and/or thermal/heat treatment).

3.4.3 Preheating

Heat treatment, in which metal is heated to the temperature required in the first step of a hot working operation. Sometimes this process is performed simultaneously with the homogenization process.

3.4.6 Flash annealing

A process, in which annealing is usually carried out in a continuous heat treatment furnace by rapid heating; if necessary, it may dwell shortly at the appropriate temperature.

3.4.7 Partial annealing

Annealing treatment, which reduces the strength of cold-worked products to the control index and increases the plasticity, BUT the product is not completely softened.

3.4.8 Recrystallization annealing

An annealing treatment, in which deformed metal is heated to above the recrystallization temperature, kept warm for a certain period of time and then cooled, to recrystallize the workpiece, thereby eliminating the work hardening.

3.4.9 Precipitation annealing

Annealing treatment, which is performed on the heat-treated alloy products, through precipitation or coarsening of the precipitation strengthening phase, to obtain ideal properties such as plasticity and corrosion resistance.

3.4.19 Aging

Heat treatment, in which the alloy workpiece is subject to solid solution treatment, after being quenched at high temperature or deformed by cold working to a certain extent, it is placed at a higher temperature or room temperature, to maintain its shape and size, whilst its performance changes with time.

3.4.24 Artificial aging

A heat treatment, that strengthens the alloy through rapid de-solvation of soluble components in a supersaturated solid solution, above room temperature.

3.4.25 Delayed aging

A process that keeps the temperature of the alloy below room temperature, thereby delaying its natural aging. When returned to room temperature, aging continues normally.

3.4.26 Peak aging

Artificial aging, which is carried out at a certain temperature or time, to achieve maximum hardening of the alloy.

3.4.27 Under-ageing

Artificial aging, which is carried out at a temperature or time lower than peak aging, resulting in a slight decrease in strength and an increase in elongation, as compared to peak aging.

3.4.28 Over-ageing

Artificial aging, which is carried out at a temperature or time higher than peak aging, to improve the performance matching of the alloy, such as resistance to stress corrosion or intergranular corrosion; compared with peak aging, the strength of the alloy decreases. […]