GB/T 20478-2024Glossary of plant quarantine (English PDF)

Introduction Introduction

The document was drawn up with reference to ISPM 5:2021, Glossary of phytosanitary terms, and lists the terms and definitions that carry a particular meaning in the field of plant quarantine. Its stated purpose is to raise the accuracy and consistency with which terms and definitions are used and understood in plant quarantine work.

1 Scope

The document defines the terms and definitions that carry a particular meaning in the field of plant quarantine.

It applies to the uniform understanding and use of terms and concepts in plant quarantine standardization and related fields.

2 Normative references

The document has no normative references.

3 Terms and definitions

Clause 3 holds 171 numbered entries, 3.1 to 3.171, ordered by the alphabetical order of their English equivalents. Each entry gives the Chinese term, the English equivalent and a definition; some carry a note, and some carry a second admitted Chinese form beneath the preferred one.

Entries on areas and their status. 3.3 area: all or part of the territory of one country, or all or part of the territories of several countries, officially delimited. 3.4 area endangered, endangered area: an area suited to the establishment of a pest whose presence there would cause appreciable economic loss. 3.5 area of low pest prevalence: an area recognised by the competent authority in which a specified pest occurs at low density and in which effective monitoring or control measures are applied; the note adds that this may be all or part of the territory of one country, or of several countries. 3.9 buffer zone: the surrounding and adjoining area of an officially delimited area, in which phytosanitary or other control measures are applied as appropriate so as to reduce as far as possible the entry of a target pest into, or its spread out of, the delimited area. 3.43 field: a defined piece of land within a place of commodity production. 3.96 pest free area, PFA: an area in which scientific evidence shows that a specified pest does not occur and in which that condition is being officially maintained as appropriate. 3.97 pest free place of production and 3.98 pest free production site carry the same definition applied respectively to a place of production and to a production site. 3.107 pest status (in an area): the presence or absence of a pest in an area at the present time, determined officially on expert judgement from current and historical pest records and other information; the note adds that it also covers the distribution of the pest where appropriate. 3.117 place of production: a place or a group of fields worked as a single production or farming unit. 3.125 pest risk analysis area, PRA area: the area covered by a pest risk analysis. 3.130 production site: a separate unit marked out within a place of production for phytosanitary purposes. 3.134 quarantine area: an area in which a quarantine pest has appeared and which is under official control. 3.143 regulated area: an area into which, within which or from which plants, plant products and other regulated articles may be moved only under phytosanitary measures.

Entries on consignments and commodities. 3.13 commodity: plants, plant products or other articles moved for trade or other purposes. 3.14 commodity pest list: a list of pests occurring in an area that may be associated with a specified commodity. 3.16 consignment: a quantity of plants, plant products or other articles moved from one country to another and, where necessary, covered by a single phytosanitary certificate; the note adds that it may be made up of one or more commodities or of several lots. 3.17 consignment in transit, transit: a consignment that is not imported into a country but passes through it on the way to another country, and that may need phytosanitary measures. 3.11 clearance (of a consignment): verification of compliance with phytosanitary regulations. 3.15 compliance procedure (for a consignment): an official procedure used to verify that a consignment meets phytosanitary import requirements or phytosanitary measures for transit. 3.29 detention: a phytosanitary measure by which a consignment is officially held or placed under supervision. 3.37 entry (of a consignment): the movement of a consignment into an area through a point of entry. 3.65 integrity (of a consignment): the composition of a consignment agreeing with that described in the plant quarantine certificate or another officially recognised document, without reduction, addition or substitution. 3.67 interception (of a consignment): the refusal or controlled entry of an imported consignment on account of non-compliance with phytosanitary regulations. 3.77 lot: a collection of a single commodity of the same composition, place of origin and the like; the note adds that the collection is part of a consignment. 3.116 phytosanitary security (of a consignment), phytosanitary security: maintaining the integrity of a consignment by suitable plant quarantine measures so as to prevent its infestation and contamination by regulated pests. 3.123 point of entry: an airport, seaport, land border point or any other place officially designated for the entry of consignments or the admission of passengers. 3.126 practically free (of a consignment, field, or place of production): where, on account of good cultivation and management practices used in the production and trade of the commodity, the number of pests, or of a specified pest, on a consignment, in a field or at a place of production does not exceed the number expected. 3.138 re-exported consignment: a consignment imported into a country and then exported from it; the note adds that the consignment may be stored, split up, combined with other consignments or repackaged. 3.140 refusal: prohibiting the entry of a consignment or other regulated article that does not comply with phytosanitary regulations. 3.148 release (of a consignment): permitting entry after clearance. 3.23, 3.24 and 3.25 country of origin: for a consignment of plant products, the country where the plants producing them were grown; for a consignment of plants, the country where the plants were grown; and for regulated articles other than plants and plant products, the country where the articles were first contaminated by pests.

Entries on plants, wood and other goods. 3.6 bark: the part of a woody trunk, branch or root outside the cambium. 3.7 bark-free wood: wood from which all bark has been removed apart from the vascular cambium, the ingrown bark around knots and the bark trapped between annual rings. 3.26 debarked wood: wood that has been through a debarking process; the note adds that debarked wood is not necessarily bark-free wood. 3.32 dunnage: wood packaging material used to secure or support a commodity but not associated with it. 3.129 processed wood material: a composite wood product made with glue, heat or pressure or with any combination of these. 3.137 raw wood: wood that has not been processed or treated. 3.150 round wood: wood that has not been sawn lengthwise and keeps its natural round shape, with or without bark. 3.151 sawn wood: wood sawn lengthwise, with or without its original round shape and with or without bark. 3.170 wood (as a commodity): commodities such as round wood, sawn wood, wood chips and wood residue, with or without bark, excluding wood packaging material, processed wood products and bamboo products. 3.171 wood packaging material: wood or wood products used to support, protect or carry a commodity, dunnage included, excluding paper products. 3.49 grain (as a commodity): seeds of plants intended for processing or consumption and not for planting. 3.50 growing medium: any material in which the roots of plants grow, or that is intended for that purpose. 3.46 fresh: living, and not dehydrated, deep frozen or preserved by any other means. 3.48 germplasm: plants intended for breeding or for a programme conserving variety resources. 3.88 packaging: material used to support, protect or carry a commodity. 3.118 plant products: unprocessed plant materials, grain included, and those products which, although processed, still carry a risk of the introduction and spread of pests on account of their nature or the way they have been processed. 3.121 plants: living plants and parts of them; the note adds that this covers seeds and germplasm. 3.122 plants for planting: plants that have been planted, or are intended to be planted or replanted. 3.153 seeds (as a commodity): seeds in the botanical sense intended for planting. 3.157 stored product: an unprocessed plant product stored in dehydrated form for consumption or processing, especially grain, dried fruit and dehydrated vegetables. 3.144 regulated article: any plant, plant product, storage place, packaging, means of conveyance, container, soil or other organism, article or material capable of harbouring or spreading pests and considered to need phytosanitary measures, particularly where international transport is involved.

Entries on pests and pest biology. 3.93 pest: any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent harmful to plants or plant products; the note records that in the International Plant Protection Convention the phrase plant pest is at times used for the term pest. 3.84 non-quarantine pest: a pest that is not a quarantine pest for an area. 3.135 quarantine pest, QP: a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered by it and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled. 3.145 regulated non-quarantine pest, RNQP: a non-quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party. 3.146 regulated pest: a quarantine pest or a regulated non-quarantine pest. 3.19 contaminating pest: a pest carried by a commodity, packaging, means of conveyance or container, or present in a storage place; the note adds that where the commodity is plants and plant products, the pest does not infest them. 3.20 contamination: the presence of a contaminating pest, or the unintended presence of a regulated article, in or on a commodity, packaging, means of conveyance or container, or in a storage place. 3.62 infestation (of a commodity): the presence in a commodity of a living pest of the plant or plant product concerned; the note adds that infestation includes infection. 3.38 entry (of a pest): the movement of a pest into an area; the note adds that the area either does not yet have the pest, or has it but not widely distributed and under official control. 3.41 establishment (of a pest): the perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry. 3.73 introduction (of a pest): the entry of a pest resulting in its establishment. 3.154 spread (of a pest): the expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area. 3.61 incursion: an isolated population of a pest recently detected in an area, not known to be established, but expected to survive for the near future. 3.87 outbreak: a population of a pest recently detected in an area; the note adds that it includes an incursion or a sudden marked increase in the size of an established pest population in an area. 3.60 incidence (of a pest): the proportion or number of units in which a pest is present in a sample, consignment, field or other defined population. 3.165 transience: a pest that is detected and is not expected to establish. 3.68 interception (of a pest): the detection of a pest during inspection or testing of an imported consignment. 3.83 natural enemy: an organism that lives in its area of origin at the expense of another organism and limits the size of that organism's population; the note lists parasitoids, parasites, predators and phytophagous organisms and pathogens. 3.89 parasite: an organism that lives on or in a larger organism and feeds on it. 3.90 parasitoid: an insect that is parasitic only in its immature stages, kills its host in the course of development, and is free living as an adult. 3.91 pathogen: a micro-organism causing disease. 3.127 predator: a natural enemy that preys on other organisms and kills more than one of them during its life. 3.8 biological control agent: a natural enemy, antagonist, competitor, pest pathogen or other organism used for pest control. 3.33 ecosystem: a dynamic complex of animal, plant and micro-organism communities together with the non-living environment that interacts with them, forming one functional unit. 3.52 habitat: the part of an ecosystem that provides the conditions for an organism to occur naturally or to establish. 3.57 host range: the species that can sustain a specified pest or other organism under natural conditions. 3.56 host pest list: a list of the pests that infest a plant species worldwide or in an area. 3.92 pathway: any means by which a pest may enter or spread. 3.76 living modified organism, LMO: a living organism that carries a new combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology. 3.79 modern biotechnology: techniques that overcome barriers to physiological reproduction or recombination in the natural state, being in vitro nucleic acid techniques, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles included, and the fusion of cells of species beyond the taxonomic family; a note adds that these are not the techniques used in traditional breeding and selection.

Entries on pest risk, surveys and status determination. 3.94 pest categorization: the process of determining whether a pest has the characters of a quarantine pest or of a regulated non-quarantine pest. 3.100 and 3.101 pest risk: for quarantine pests, the likelihood of the introduction and spread of a pest and the degree of its potential economic consequences; for regulated non-quarantine pests, the likelihood that a pest present in plants for planting endangers the intended use of those plants and causes an unacceptable economic loss. 3.102 pest risk analysis, PRA: the process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether an organism is a pest, whether it should be regulated, and how strong the phytosanitary measures taken against it should be. 3.103 and 3.104 pest risk assessment: for quarantine pests, evaluating the likelihood of the introduction and spread of a quarantine pest and the degree of its potential economic loss; for regulated non-quarantine pests, evaluating the likelihood that a pest in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants and gives rise to an unacceptable economic impact. 3.105 and 3.106 pest risk management: for quarantine pests, evaluating and selecting the options for reducing the risk of the introduction and spread of a pest; for regulated non-quarantine pests, evaluating and selecting the options for reducing the risk arising because a pest in plants for planting would give rise to an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of those plants. 3.99 pest record: a document giving information on the presence or absence of a pest at a particular place at a particular time in an area, usually a country, under specified conditions. 3.95 pest diagnosis: the process of detecting and identifying a pest. 3.27 delimiting survey: a survey conducted to establish the boundaries of an area infested by a pest or of an area free from it. 3.28 detection survey: a survey conducted to determine whether pests are present in an area. 3.81 monitoring survey: an ongoing survey to verify the characteristics of a pest population. 3.160 survey (of pests): an official procedure conducted in an area, place of production or production site over a period of time to determine whether a pest is present and, if it is, its extent or the characteristics of the population. 3.80 monitoring: an ongoing official activity to verify phytosanitary situations. 3.159 surveillance: an official process by which information on the occurrence or absence of a pest is collected and recorded through survey, monitoring or other procedures. 3.44 find free: no specified pest being found on inspection of a consignment, field or place of production. 3.45 free from (of a consignment, field or place of production): the failure to detect a given number of certain, or specified, pests by phytosanitary procedures. 3.164 tolerance level (of a pest): the threshold incidence of a pest at which action is taken to control it or to prevent its spread or introduction. 3.139 reference specimen: a single specimen of a particular population of an organism kept and used for identification, verification or comparison.

Entries on phytosanitary measures, procedures and treatments. 3.113 phytosanitary measure (agreed interpretation), plant quarantine measure: any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests; the note records that the agreed interpretation explains the relation between phytosanitary measures and regulated non-quarantine pests, a relation not adequately reflected in the definition given in Article II of the International Plant Protection Convention (1997). 3.108 phytosanitary action, plant quarantine action: an official action taken to carry out a phytosanitary measure; the note lists inspection, testing, surveillance and treatment. 3.114 phytosanitary procedure, plant quarantine procedure: an official method for carrying out phytosanitary measures; the note adds that it includes the inspection, testing, supervision and treatment applied to regulated pests. 3.115 phytosanitary regulation, plant quarantine regulation: an official rule to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests; the note adds that it includes establishing phytosanitary certification procedures. 3.112 phytosanitary legislation, plant quarantine legislation: basic legislation authorising a national plant protection organisation to draft phytosanitary regulations. 3.109 phytosanitary certificate, plant quarantine certificate: an official paper document, or its official electronic equivalent, issued in the form laid down by the International Plant Protection Convention; the note adds that it certifies that a consignment meets phytosanitary import requirements. 3.110 phytosanitary certification, plant quarantine certification: the use of phytosanitary procedures to issue a phytosanitary certificate. 3.111 phytosanitary import requirements, plant quarantine import requirements: the specific phytosanitary measures set by an importing country for the entry of a consignment. 3.2 additional declaration: a statement required by an importing country to be entered on a phytosanitary certificate, giving specific additional information about regulated pests or regulated articles in a consignment. 3.39 equivalence (of phytosanitary measures): the situation in which different phytosanitary measures all achieve a contracting party's appropriate level of protection against a particular pest risk. 3.53 harmonization: the establishment, recognition and application by different countries of phytosanitary measures based on common standards. 3.54 harmonized phytosanitary measures: phytosanitary measures established by contracting parties to the International Plant Protection Convention in accordance with international standards. 3.161 systems approach: a pest risk management option integrating several measures, at least two of which act independently and which have a cumulative effect. 3.162 technically justified: justified on the conclusions of an appropriate pest risk analysis, or of an appropriate comparative study and evaluation of available scientific information. 3.166 transparency: the principle of making phytosanitary measures and the reasons for them public internationally. 3.132 provisional measure: a phytosanitary regulation or procedure established without full technical justification because sufficient information is not yet available; the note adds that a provisional measure is to be reviewed periodically and fully justified technically as soon as possible. 3.35 emergency action: a phytosanitary action taken promptly in a new or unexpected phytosanitary situation. 3.36 emergency measure: a phytosanitary measure established as a matter of urgency in a new or unexpected phytosanitary situation; the note adds that an emergency measure may or may not be a provisional measure. 3.22 corrective action plan (in an area): a written plan for carrying out phytosanitary actions in an officially delimited phytosanitary area, applied where a pest is detected there, where the pest exceeds the level that can be tolerated, or where officially prescribed procedures have been improperly carried out. 3.63 inspection: the official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine whether pests are present or whether phytosanitary regulations are complied with. 3.169 visual examination: examination with the naked eye, a hand lens, a stereoscope or another optical microscope. 3.163 test: an official examination, other than by the senses, of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine whether pests are present, to identify pests, or to determine compliance with specific phytosanitary requirements. 3.64 inspector: a person authorised by a national plant protection organisation to discharge its duties. 3.66 intended use: the declared purpose for which plants, plant products or other articles are imported, produced or used. 3.119 plant quarantine: all activities to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests or to ensure their official control. 3.133 quarantine: official confinement of regulated articles, pests or beneficial organisms for inspection, testing, treatment, observation or research. 3.136 quarantine station: an official station where plants, plant products or other regulated articles, beneficial organisms included, are placed in quarantine. 3.69 intermediate quarantine: quarantine carried out in a country other than the country of origin or the country of destination. 3.124 post-entry quarantine: quarantine applied to a consignment after entry. 3.131 prohibition: a phytosanitary regulation forbidding the import or movement of specified pests or commodities. 3.18 containment: the application of phytosanitary measures in and around an infested area to prevent the spread of a pest. 3.21 control (of a pest): suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population. 3.40 eradication: the application of phytosanitary measures to eliminate a pest from an area. 3.42 exclusion (of a pest): the application of phytosanitary measures to prevent the entry or establishment of a pest in an area. 3.158 suppression: the application of phytosanitary measures in an infested area to reduce the pest population. 3.85 official: established, authorised or performed by a national plant protection organisation. 3.86 official control: the active enforcement of mandatory phytosanitary regulations and the application of mandatory phytosanitary procedures with the purpose of eradicating or containing quarantine pests or of managing regulated non-quarantine pests. 3.167 treatment (as a phytosanitary measure): an official procedure for the killing, inactivation or removal of regulated pests, or for rendering them infertile or devitalized. 3.10 chemical pressure impregnation: the treatment of wood with a chemical preservative through a pressure process according to an official technical specification. 3.47 fumigation: treatment of a commodity with a chemical agent that reaches the commodity wholly or largely in a gaseous state. 3.55 heat treatment: the process of heating a commodity until it reaches a minimum temperature, maintained for a minimum time, in accordance with an official technical specification. 3.30 devitalization: a procedure rendering plants or plant products incapable of germination, growth or further reproduction. 3.59 inactivation: rendering micro-organisms incapable of development. 3.34 efficacy (of a treatment): a defined, measurable and reproducible effect produced by a prescribed treatment. 3.149 required response: a specified index of the effect of a treatment. 3.168 treatment schedule: the critical treatment parameters that need to be met so that a specified efficacy achieves the intended result, being the killing, inactivation or removal of a pest, or rendering it infertile or inactivated. 3.75 irradiation: treatment with ionizing radiation of any type. 3.1 absorbed dose: the radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of a specified material. 3.78 minimum absorbed dose, Dmin: the lowest absorbed dose in a treatment load dose. 3.128 process load: a quantity of material handled as a single entity under a specific loading configuration. 3.31 dose mapping: measuring and mapping the absorbed dose at different positions in a treatment load, using dosimeters at specified positions in that load. 3.155 sterile insect: an insect rendered incapable of reproduction by a special treatment. 3.156 sterile insect technique, SIT: a method of pest control in which sterile insects are released inundatively over a wide area so as to reduce the reproduction of the field population of the same species. 3.74 inundative release: the release of large numbers of mass produced biological control agents or beneficial organisms with the aim of controlling a pest rapidly. 3.147 release (into the environment): the intentional placing of an organism into the environment. 3.120 planting (including replanting), replanting: the operation of placing plants in a growing medium, or by grafting or a similar method, so as to ensure their growth and reproduction. 3.58 import permit: an official document authorising the import of a commodity in accordance with specified phytosanitary import requirements. 3.51 growing period: the period of effective growth of a plant in an area, a place of production or a production site.

Entries on institutions and standards. 3.70 International Plant Protection Convention, IPPC: an international convention formed to secure common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products and to promote appropriate measures for their control; the note records that it refers to the International Plant Protection Convention deposited in 1951 with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome and subsequently amended. 3.12 commission: the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures established under Article XI of the International Plant Protection Convention (1997 revised text). 3.152 secretary: the secretariat of the Commission appointed under Article XII of the International Plant Protection Convention. 3.82 national plant protection organization, NPPO: the official body established by a government to discharge the duties laid down in the International Plant Protection Convention. 3.141 regional plant protection organization, RPPO: an intergovernmental organisation discharging the duties laid down in Article IX of the International Plant Protection Convention. 3.71 International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures, ISPM: an international standard established under the International Plant Protection Convention and adopted by the FAO Conference, the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures or the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures. 3.72 international standards: international standards established in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article X of the International Plant Protection Convention. 3.142 regional standards: standards established by a regional plant protection organisation to guide its members.

Bibliography Bibliography

Three items are listed: ISPM 5, Glossary of phytosanitary terms; the International Plant Protection Convention (1997 revised text); and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

Index Index

Two indexes close the document. The Chinese pinyin index lists the Chinese terms grouped under the initial letters B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, X, Y and Z, together with a trailing entry for PRA area, each pointing to a clause number and not to a page. The index of English equivalents lists the English terms alphabetically from absorbed dose onward, again pointing to clause numbers only; alternative English forms such as endangered area are listed separately against the clause number of the entry they belong to.