GB/T 21965-2020Steel wire ropes—Vocabulary for acceptance and defect (English PDF)

2.1 Acceptance

2.1.1 Acceptance

According to relevant standards, specifications or contractually agreed sampling quantity, inspection quantity, inspection method and determination Round (roll) or batch inspection and testing, and make a decision to accept or reject.

2.1.1.1 Reject

The buyer does not accept the behavior of wire rope products that do not meet the relevant standards and regulations.

2.1.2 Sampling

The process of drawing individuals or samples from the population.

Note: Due to the particularity of the wire rope structure, the wire rope needs to be firmly bundled and then cut before taking samples to ensure the inspection of the overall performance of the wire rope Not affected.

2.1.2.1

A certain number of certain products or materials brought together.

Note: The batch of wire ropes usually refers to the unit products that are of the same diameter (dimensions), structure, wire rope grade, surface condition, twisting direction, and delivered for acceptance at the same time.

2.1.2.2 Batch

The number of products in the batch.

Note: The batch of wire rope products usually refers to the number of axles or coils in the same delivery batch.

2.1.2.3 Sample

Used for measurement, inspection and testing of wire rope diameter (size), appearance quality, twisting quality, mechanical properties, process properties and chemical properties sample.

2.1.2.3.1 Sample size

The diameter, or width and height of the sample taken for quality inspection of the wire rope during acceptance.

2.1.3.3.3 Decarburization

One or more chemical reactions occur in the medium in contact between the steel wire and the surface, resulting in the loss of carbon on the surface of the steel wire.

Note: This carbon loss includes partial decarburization or complete decarburization.

2.1.3.3.4 Martensite

The steel wire is heated to a certain temperature and then rapidly cooled, resulting in a supersaturated solid solution structure of carbon in alpha iron (ferrite) with a body-centered cubic structure.

2.1.3.4 Size measurement

Determination of the characteristic dimensions of the cross section of round or special-shaped steel wires.

2.1.3.5 Stretching test

A test to determine the tensile strength and elongation of a steel wire under unidirectional static tension.

2.1.3.5.1 Gauge length

Measure the length between the marking lines of the sample for elongation.

2.1.3.5.2 Stretching rate

The beam displacement per unit time or the increased stress per unit time during a tensile test.

2.1.3.5.3 Tensile strength

The ratio of the maximum force that the steel wire can resist breaking under unidirectional static tension to the original cross-sectional area of the sample.

2.1.3.5.4 Knot tension

The maximum force measured by the knotted steel wire sample under the action of unidirectional static tension.

2.1.3.5.5 Knotting rate

The percentage of the knotted tension to the unknotted tension of the wire.

2.1.3.5.6 Elongation after breaking

After the wire is broken, the length of the gauge length is increased by the percentage of the original gauge length.

2.1.3.6 Repeated bending test

Fix one end of the steel wire, apply a certain tension force, bend 90° around the cylindrical support of the specified radius, and then bend in the opposite direction to check the steel Test of the ability of the wire to withstand plastic deformation.

2.1.3.6.1 Bending tension

Tension force applied to the specimen in order to make good contact between the steel wire and the curved cylinder.

2.1.3.6.2 Number of repeated bending

The free end of the steel wire specimen is bent 90° in one direction from the starting position and then returned to the starting position as the first bend, and then to the The number of continuous and uninterrupted repeated bending in the opposite direction until the sample breaks (that is, the last bending is not included in the number of bending).

2.1.3.6.3 Bending rate

The number of repeated bendings per unit time of the steel wire sample.

2.1.3.7 Torsion test

A test to check the plastic deformation performance of the steel wire when twisted in a fixed or alternating direction, and show the inhomogeneity and internal and external defects.

2.1.3.7.1 One-way twist

A test in which the steel wire takes itself as its axis and is evenly twisted in one direction until the sample breaks or reaches the specified number of twists.

2.1.3.7.2 Two-way twist

The steel wire sample rotates 360° uniformly in one direction around its own axis as one time, after twisting to the specified number of times, then rotates in the opposite direction The test to the specified number of times or the sample breaks.

2.1.3.7.3 Twist gauge length

The gauge length between the two chucks.

2.1.3.7.4 Torsion tension

The tension applied to the steel wire in order to keep the sample straight.

2.1.3.7.5 Torsion rate

The number of turns of the steel wire sample around its own axis per unit time.

2.1.3.7.6 Fracture type

The morphology and characteristics of the fracture surface of the steel wire sample after rotating around its own axis.

2.1.3.7.7 Number of twists

The number of times the steel wire sample rotates around its own axis per unit time.

2.1.3.8 Winding/relaxation test

The steel wire sample is tightly spirally wound at the specified speed to the specified number of turns on the core rod with the specified diameter of the relevant standards for inspection The sample (with or without coating) is tested for the ability of winding deformation or the adhesion of the coating.

2.1.3.8.1 Mandrel diameter

The diameter of the winding mandrel is determined according to the relevant product standards in order to test the ability of the steel wire sample to withstand winding deformation or the adhesion of the coating.

2.1.3.8.2 Winding rate

The number of spiral windings of the steel wire sample around the mandrel per unit time.

2.1.3.8.3 Number of winding

The number of tightly spirally wound turns of the steel wire sample on the core rod with the diameter specified in the relevant product standard.

2.1.3.9 Coating test

Test to check the coating weight, adhesion and uniformity of steel wire per unit area.

2.1.3.9.1 Coating weight

The weight of the coating per unit surface area of the steel wire.

2.1.3.9.2 Coating adhesion

The adhesion of the coating to the steel wire matrix.

2.1.3.9.3 Coating uniformity

The uniformity of the coating thickness distribution on the steel wire surface.

2.1.3.9.4 Salt spray test

Use the artificial simulated salt spray environmental conditions created by the salt spray test equipment to assess the corrosion resistance of metal materials or coverings test.

Note: The artificial simulated salt spray environment usually includes neutral salt spray (NSS), acetic acid salt spray (AASS) and copper accelerated salt spray (CASS).

2.1.4 Wire rope inspection

Through the appearance, size, mechanical and technological performance of the split steel wire, tensile performance, fatigue performance, rotation performance, radial stiffness, and The process of measuring, testing or inspecting quality characteristics such as oil rate and evaluating its quality.

2.1.4.1 Visual inspection

Through the inspection of the quality characteristics of the wire rope surface quality, non-looseness, straightness, flatness, residual torsion, and uniformity of oil coating, and The process of quality evaluation.

2.1.4.1.1 Surface Quality

Sensory evaluation index of wire rope strand and rope twisting quality.

2.1.4.1.2 Not loose

Untie one end of the wire rope about two lay lengths of the two opposite strands. Loose.

2.1.4.1.3 Flatness

The specified length of the wire rope is placed on a flat surface under no tension, the maximum distance it deviates from the axis, or the specified length of the wire rope Under the condition of no tension, it sags naturally along the vertical line, and its free end deviates the maximum distance from the vertical line.

2.1.4.1.4 Residual twist

The number of free rotations of a wire rope of a specified length without tension.

Note: The inspection method for residual torsion is usually to pull the wire rope from the rope end of the wheel shaft to a specified length, release its free end, and measure it under no tension. The number of free rotations.

2.1.4.2 Wire rope size measurement

By measuring the quality characteristics of the wire rope diameter or size, out-of-roundness, lay length, strand gap, wire diameter or size, and center wire diameter, And the process of evaluating it.

2.1.4.2.1 Wire rope diameter/size

The pitch diameter of the cross-section of a round wire rope or the characteristic dimensions (such as width and thickness) of the non-circular cross-section.

2.1.4.2.2 Out of roundness o

The difference between the maximum and minimum diameters measured on the same cross-section of the wire rope is the percentage value of the nominal diameter of the wire rope.

2.1.4.2.3 Twist length

The outer steel wire of a single-strand steel wire rope, the outer strand of a multi-strand steel wire rope, or the unit wire rope of a cable-type steel wire rope rotates around the wire rope once or A spiral, parallel to the distance between two corresponding points on the wire rope axis.

2.1.4.2.4 Thigh gap

The distance between two adjacent strands in the same layer.

2.1.4.2.5 Wire diameter/size

The cross-sectional diameter of the round steel wire, the height of the fully sealed steel wire or the height and width of the semi-sealed steel wire.

2.1.4.2.6 Center wire diameter

The diameter of the cross-section of the steel wire at the center of the wire rope in a single-twist wire rope or at the center of the strand in a multi-strand wire rope.

2.1.4.3 Stock split test

The steel wire strands (partially or completely) are disassembled into single steel wires, which are used to determine the total breaking force of the steel wire and the tensile force (tensile strength) of the steel wire, Repeated bending, twisting, winding, coating weight, coating adhesion, coating uniformity and other performance tests.

2.1.4.4 Wire rope tensile test

A test to determine the breaking force and elongation of a steel wire rope sample under a unidirectional static tension.

2.1.4.4.1 Sample clamping method

The method of holding the wire rope sample on the testing machine.

2.1.4.4.1.1 Alloy casting

A method in which the loose ends of the steel wire rope samples are cast with molten metal, cooled to room temperature, and clamped in the fixture seat of the testing machine for tensile testing.

2.1.4.4.1.2 Resin casting method

The loose end of the steel wire rope sample is cast with resin, and after solidification, it is clamped in the fixture seat of the testing machine for tensile test.

2.1.4.4.1.3 Casing pressing

A method of compressing the steel wire rope sample with a sleeve and then clamping it in the fixture of the testing machine for tensile test.

2.1.4.4.1.4 Direct clamping method

The method in which the steel wire rope sample is directly clamped in the fixture of the testing machine for tensile test.

2.1.4.4.1.5 Winding method

The method of tensile test by winding the steel wire rope sample directly on the winding wheel of the testing machine.

2.1.4.4.2 Wire rope elongation

Under working load or specified load, the percentage of the total elongation of the wire rope in the elastic range to the original gauge length.

2.1.4.4.3 Elastic elongation

Under working load or specified load, the percentage of the recoverable elongation of the wire rope in the elastic range to the original gauge length.

2.1.4.4.4 Permanent elongation

Under the working load or the specified load, the wire rope is in the elastic range due to the change of the position of the wire in the strand and the position of the strand in the rope. The percentage of recoverable elongation to the original gauge length.

Note: Permanent elongation is also called structural elongation.

2.1.4.4.5 Measurement of actual elastic modulus

In accordance with the prescribed test method, the test to determine the constant in the stress-strain relationship curve of the wire rope sample.

2.1.4.4.6 Measured breaking force determination

In accordance with the prescribed test method, the test to determine the tensile force value when the wire rope sample is broken or when the first broken wire occurs.

2.1.4.4.7 Break location and form

According to the specified tensile test method, the wire rope is stretched to the position and number of wire breaks when the first wire breaks or the wire rope breaks. Quantity and appearance.

2.1.4.5 Bending fatigue test

The wire rope goes around the test wheel with a certain wrap angle. And apply a specified load to it, repeatedly bend it at a certain frequency, and evaluate Its ability to withstand repeated bending tests.

2.1.4.6 Axial stress fatigue test

According to the specified test method, the test to determine the ability of the steel wire rope sample to withstand the axial impact load under the specified alternating stress.

2.1.4.7 Rotation performance test

In accordance with the prescribed test method, the test to determine the degree of rotation and torque per unit length of the wire rope sample.

2.1.4.7.1 Wire rope torque

Under the condition of keeping both ends of the wire rope not rotating, apply a static tensile load to it, and determine the (N·m) represents the characteristic value.

2.1.4.7.2 Rotation of wire rope

Under the condition of keeping the two ends of the wire rope from rotating, apply a static tensile load to it, and the unit length is determined by experiment or calculation. The characteristic value represented by the number of turns or degrees.

2.1.4.8 Steel wire rope radial stiffness test

A test to determine the ability of a wire rope to resist radial deformation without axial load.

2.1.4.9 Oil content

The general term for steel rope oil content, fiber rope core oil content and strand oil content.

2.1.4.9.1 Oil content of wire rope

The percentage of the mass of steel wire rope grease adsorbed on the surface of the steel wire rope (including the rope core) to the mass of the steel wire rope (including the rope core) after the grease has been removed.

2.1.4.9.2 Oil content of fiber rope core

The percentage of the mass of steel rope grease absorbed on the surface of the fiber rope core to the mass of the dry fiber core after removing the grease.

2.1.4.9.3 Oil content

The percentage of the quality of the steel wire rope grease absorbed on the surface of the rope and the weight of the rope after the grease has been removed.

2.2 Defects

Note: Appendix A gives typical examples of various defects.

2.2.1 Defects during manufacturing

Various defects that affect the use of steel wire ropes produced in the process of wire drawing, twisting and rope bonding.

2.2.1.1 Broken wire

Wire breakage appears in the wire rope strands.

2.2.1.2 Missing wire

The phenomenon of lack of steel wire over the full length or part of the length of the steel wire strand.

2.2.1.3 Jump wire

The surface of the wire rope has the phenomenon that the steel wire becomes bowed or raised in a ring shape.

2.2.1.4 Wire staggered

The steel wire crosses in the wire rope strand and the wire is not in the specified geometric position.

2.2.1.5 Mixed wire diameter

The phenomenon of exceeding the specified allowable deviation in the steel wire of the same nominal diameter in the wire rope strand.

2.2.1.6 Mixing intensity

The phenomenon that the steel wire of the same nominal tensile strength grade in the steel wire rope strand does not meet the tensile strength range of this grade.

2.2.1.7 The center wire is not enlarged

The phenomenon that the diameter of the center wire is not increased as required for strands of the same wire diameter in the wire rope.

2.2.1.8 Strain

During the drawing process, due to defects in molds and other tooling or poor lubrication conditions, the wire surface scratches, cracks and other damage phenomena.

2.2.1.9 Stratification

Metal delamination in the longitudinal direction of the steel wire.

2.2.1.10 Bamboo joint

The surface of the steel wire has periodic unevenness in diameter and thickness along the longitudinal direction, and the shape is similar to bamboo joints.

2.2.1.11 Floating rust

The phenomenon of slight oxidation on the surface of the steel wire rope due to lack of steel wire drying and humid atmospheric environment.

Note: Floating rust can usually be wiped off by hand, and generally has no effect on performance.

2.2.1.12 Rust

Oxidation occurs locally or on the surface of the steel wire.

2.2.1.13 Pockmark

The surface of the steel wire appears as a concave rough surface with dots or flakes.

2.2.1.14 Bad connector

The improper method of the steel wire joint in the steel wire rope causes the phenomenon that the joint center is not right and the welding joint is too large.

2.2.1.15 Plating cracking

Cracks or delamination of the coating on the steel wire surface.

2.2.1.16 Coating peeling off

The coating on the steel wire surface has fallen off.

2.2.1.17 Loose strands

The wires in the wire rope strands are loose.

2.2.1.18 Loose strands

After the end of the wire rope is loosened or cut off, the steel wire in the strand is partially or completely scattered and cannot be reset.

2.2.1.19 Core exposed

The phenomenon that the strand core is exposed from the gap between the steel wires.

2.2.1.20 Slack

In the steel wire rope, the strand deformation is inconsistent or the degree of tightness is uneven, and the wire rope is not flat, strands protruding or sinking.

2.2.1.21 Uneven thigh gap

The phenomenon of inconsistent spacing between strands in a wire rope.

2.2.1.22 Loose wire rope

After the end of the wire rope is loosened or cut off, the strands can not be reset after being unfolded or opened.

2.2.1.23 Uneven lay length

The lay length is inconsistent in the whole length or part of the wire rope or strand.

2.2.1.24 Wire rope diameter is out of tolerance

The phenomenon that the total or partial diameter of the wire rope is below the lower limit specified by the standard or higher than the upper limit specified by the standard.

2.2.1.25 Out-of-roundness of wire rope is out of tolerance

The phenomenon that the out-of-roundness of the wire rope exceeds the limit specified by the standard.

2.2.1.26 Rope core exposed

The phenomenon in which the core of the rope is exposed from the gap between the partial or full length of the wire rope.

2.2.1.27 Poor oiling

Uneven grease on the surface of the wire rope or lack of grease on the rope core.

2.2.2 Defects during handling and transportation

Various defects in the handling, loading and unloading and transportation of wire ropes that affect the use of wire ropes.

2.2.2.1 Surface damage

Due to incorrect hoisting methods, improper loading and unloading tools, or improper loading and unloading, the surface of the wire rope caused by partial crushing, bruising, hanging, scratching, Scratches and other phenomena.

2.2.2.2 Unorganized

Due to incorrect hoisting methods, improper loading and unloading tools, or rolling down from a high place, the wire rope wheel shaft is severely deformed or broken, resulting in the wire rope reel The phenomenon that the volume is scattered, cannot be unrolled or installed.

2.2.3 Defects during storage

Various defects that affect the use of the wire rope during the storage of the wire rope.

2.2.3.1 Oil loss

Because the storage environment temperature is too high or under direct sunlight for a long time, the grease on the surface of the steel wire rope and even the grease on the rope core melts and loses.