GB/T 43540-2023Decommissioning technical requirements of lithium ion battery for electrical energy storage (English PDF)

Foreword

This document was issued on 28 December 2023 by the State Administration for Market Regulation; Standardization Administration of the PRC and takes effect on 1 July 2024.

It is a GB/T standard: recommended rather than compulsory, but it is the text a Chinese reviewer applies when assessing a submission.

1 Scope

GB/T 43540-2023 answers the question of when a lithium ion battery working in an electrical energy storage station should be taken out of service. The general requirements say the decision rests on the stated decommissioning criteria together with the condition of the equipment as shown by operation, maintenance and overhaul records, judged as a whole rather than on one reading. The technical requirements are then grouped: appearance, where defects on a cell, module or cluster such as obvious deformation, cracking, leakage or an operated pressure relief device bear on continued use; safety; electrical properties; and economical efficiency, which asks whether what the string can still do is worth the cost of keeping it in service. The determination method sets out step by step how each of those is checked and judged, beginning with the inspection of the battery and its electrical connections. Informative annexes supply a battery status and alarm data table and a record table for the electrical property measurements, so the evidence behind a retirement decision is written down in a form another party can read. Kept too long, a degraded battery becomes a fire risk and a liability; retired too early, an asset with years left in it is scrapped. For station operators, asset owners, maintenance contractors and those handling batteries after they leave service.

This document specifies the decommissioning technical requirements of lithium ion battery for

electrical energy storage (referred to as “lithium ion battery”), including appearance, safety,

electrical properties and economical efficiency, etc., and describes the corresponding

decommissioning determination method.

This document applies to the determination of the decommissioning of lithium ion battery used

for electrical energy storage.

2 Normative References

The contents of the following documents constitute indispensable clauses of this document

through the normative references in the text. In terms of references with a specified date, only

versions with a specified date are applicable to this document. In terms of references without a

specified date, the latest version (including all the modifications) is applicable to this document.

GB/T 36276 Lithium Ion Battery for Electrical Energy Storage

GB/T 36548 Test Code for Electrochemical Energy Storage Station Connected to Power Grid

DL/T 2528 Basic Terminology of Electrical Energy Storage

3 Terms and Definitions

The terms and definitions defined in DL/T 2528 and the following are applicable to this

document.

3.1 parameters of battery state

Parameter values that directly or indirectly reflect various states, such as. battery performance

and service life, etc.

3.2 family defect

A defect caused by common factors, such as. design, materials, and processes, etc. during the

production and manufacturing of lithium ion battery.

4 General Requirements

4.1 The decommissioning of lithium ion battery shall be based on the decommissioning

requirements of the energy storage battery and the equipment status reflected in the operation

and maintenance and overhauling data to carry out a comprehensive determination of the

battery’s appearance, safety, electrical properties and economical efficiency, etc.

4.2 The decommissioning determination of lithium ion battery can be carried out through the

modes of data analysis, on-site inspection and tests, etc.

4.3 When lithium ion battery cannot meet the technical indicators of operation or safety

requirements, and the cost of transformation or the economical efficiency of overhauling and

maintenance technology is unreasonable, it shall be decommissioned.

5 Technical Requirements for Decommissioning

5.1 Appearance

5.1.1 When lithium ion battery cells, modules and battery clusters have appearance defects that

may affect their use, such as. obvious deformation, cracking, liquid leakage, pressure relief

valve damage, breakdown or flashover marks, etc., they shall be decommissioned.

5.1.2 When the electrical connections of lithium ion battery cells, modules and battery clusters

have appearance defects, such as. damage, corrosion, looseness and falling-off, and cannot be

repaired, they shall be decommissioned.

5.2 Safety

5.2.1 Safety incidents

5.2.1.1 When lithium ion battery manifests thermal runaway or thermal diffusion, and

expansion, liquid leakage, gas leakage, fire, explosion, breakdown or flashover occurs, it shall

be decommissioned.

5.2.1.2 When lithium ion battery is improperly operated during commissioning, overhauling,

operation and maintenance, resulting in safety incidents, such as. over-charging, over-

discharging, overloading and external short circuit, etc., and the safety evaluation shows that

the battery does not meet the requirements, it shall be decommissioned.

5.2.2 Potential safety hazards

5.2.2.1 If the lithium ion battery management system frequently displays alarm information on

battery status, such as. voltage, voltage range, current, temperature, temperature range,

insulation resistance, and inter-cluster circulation, etc., and cannot be repaired after

maintenance or overhauling, it shall be decommissioned.

5.2.2.2 If the status evaluation of lithium ion battery shows that it has deterioration trends, such

as. abnormal energy and accelerated attenuation, it shall be decommissioned.

5.2.3 Insulation performance

If the ratio of the insulation resistance between the positive electrode of the lithium ion battery

modules or battery clusters and the external exposed conductive part, or between the negative

electrode of the battery modules or battery clusters and the external exposed conductive part to

the nominal voltage is less than 1,000 /V and cannot be repaired, the battery shall be

decommissioned.

5.2.4 Combustible gases and smoke

If lithium ion battery releases smoke or flammable gases, the corresponding battery shall be

decommissioned.

5.2.5 Voltage resistance

In accordance with the provisions of GB/T 36276, the corresponding voltage shall be applied

between the positive electrode of the battery modules or battery clusters and the external

exposed conductive part, or between the negative electrode of the battery modules or battery

clusters and the external exposed conductive part. If breakdown or flashover occurs, or the DC

voltage resistance leakage current is greater than 10mA, and cannot be repaired, the battery

shall be decommissioned.

5.3 Electrical Properties

5.3.1 Charge and discharge energy

When the charge and discharge energy of the lithium ion battery is less than the rated value, an

economic evaluation shall be combined to determine whether it shall be decommissioned.

5.3.2 Energy efficiency

When the energy efficiency of the lithium ion battery is lower than the design value of the

power station, an economic evaluation shall be combined to determine whether it shall be

decommissioned.

5.4 Economical Efficiency

5.4.1 If the charge and discharge energy or energy efficiency of the lithium ion battery cannot

meet the expected use demands of the power station, and it is evaluated that the power station

does not have space for expansion, or the expected use demands of the power station still cannot

be met after expansion, or the cost of battery expansion is greater than the expected benefits,

the battery shall be decommissioned.

5.4.2 When the cost of maintenance, overhauling and replacement of the lithium ion battery

seriously affects the expected benefits, it shall be decommissioned.

6 Decommissioning Determination Method

6.1 Appearance

The appearance inspection and determination of the lithium ion battery and its electrical

connections shall be carried out in accordance with the following steps.

a) Review the inspection records of the appearance of lithium ion battery cells, battery

modules and battery clusters, etc. during daily routine inspections, overhauling and

maintenance.

6.2 Safety

6.2.1 Safety incidents

The determination of safety incidents of the lithium ion battery is carried out in accordance with

the following steps.

a) Review the maintenance records, routine inspection records, abnormality and fault

records, overhauling test reports and other materials of the energy storage station to

evaluate whether a safety incident has occurred in the lithium ion battery;

b) Conduct on-site review of the safety incidents of the lithium ion battery.

6.2.2 Potential safety risks

6.2.2.1 During daily routine inspection and maintenance, after the battery management system

is found to have an alarm that may affect the operation safety of the lithium ion battery, the

following steps shall be followed.

a) Through the battery management system or monitoring system, obtain battery status

quantities and alarm data, such as. lithium ion battery voltage, voltage range, current,

temperature, temperature range, insulation resistance, inter-cluster circulation, etc. for

analysis and evaluation. The table of battery status quantities and alarm data is shown

in Table A.1 of Appendix A;

b) Perform overhauling or maintenance on the lithium ion battery that is in abnormal

condition.

6.2.2.2 For lithium ion batteries that have deterioration trends, such as. abnormal energy and

accelerated attenuation found based on operation and maintenance data, in accordance with

5.2.2.2, the determination of decommissioning shall be carried out.

6.2.3 Insulation performance

The insulation performance test of lithium ion battery modules and battery clusters is carried

out in accordance with the following steps.

a) In accordance with the provisions of GB/T 36276, complete the charge and discharge

test of battery modules and battery clusters;

b) The positive electrode of the battery modules and battery clusters and the external

exposed conductive part are connected to the insulation test device. Turn off the

insulation resistance monitoring function of the battery modules and battery clusters;

c) In accordance with the insulation performance test specified in GB/T 36276, set the

test voltage parameters, for a duration of 1 minute, record the insulation resistance

between the positive electrode and the external exposed conductive part, and the test

voltage, and disconnect the insulation voltage resistance test device from the battery

clusters;

d) The negative electrode of the battery clusters and the external exposed conductive

part are connected to the insulation test device.

6.2.4 Combustible gases and smoke

The determination of combustible gases and smoke from the lithium ion battery is carried out

in accordance with the following steps.

a) By performing daily routine inspections, checking surveillance videos and reviewing

alarm records of the fire warning system, obtain information on flammable gases and

smoke;

b) Conduct on-site review of combustible gases and smoke to check whether it is a false

alarm.

6.2.5 Voltage resistance

The voltage resistance test of the lithium ion battery modules and battery clusters is carried out

in accordance with the following steps.

a) The test method for the voltage resistance of battery modules and battery clusters shall

be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 36276;

b) In accordance with 5.2.5, determine the decommissioning based on the voltage

resistance test results of the battery modules and battery clusters.

6.2.6 Service life

The design service life of the lithium ion battery is determined in accordance with the following

steps.

a) Through historical operation data, obtain the number of cycles and calendar life;

b) Convert it into the cycle life under full charge and discharge conditions;

c) Determine whether the lithium ion battery has reached its design cycle life or calendar

life.

6.3 Electrical Properties

6.3.1 Charge and discharge energy

The determination of charge and discharge energy of the lithium ion battery is carried out in

accordance with the following steps.

a) Select the average value of the charge and discharge energy of three complete charge

and discharge processes collected by the battery management system at the rated

charge and discharge power in the operation record, or in accordance with the test

method for rated energy in GB/T 36548, perform charge and discharge tests and

calculations. The format of the record table is shown in Table B.1 of Appendix B;

b) In accordance with 5.3.1 and 5.4.1, determine the decommissioning of the lithium ion

battery based on the charge and discharge energy evaluation results.

6.3.2 Energy efficiency

The determination of energy efficiency of the lithium ion battery is carried out in accordance

with the following steps.

a) In accordance with the method of rated energy conversion efficiency in GB/T 36548,

carry out test and calculation;

b) Compare with the design energy efficiency of the power station. The format of the

record table is shown in Table B.1.

6.4 Economical Efficiency

The determination of economic efficiency of the lithium ion battery is carried out in accordance

with the following steps.

a) When the charge and discharge energy or energy efficiency is lower than the rated

value, it can be judged that it cannot satisfy the expected use demands of the energy

storage station;

b) Calculate the quantity of lithium ion batteries that need to be supplemented and the

space required to satisfy the expected use demands for energy storage stations, and

compare them with the available expansion space of the power station.

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