GB/T 40024-2021Laboratory instruments and equipment—Taxonomy (English PDF)

3.7 Concept

A unique knowledge unit created by a series of features.

Note: Laboratory equipment and equipment category is a concept.

3.8 Generic relation

The connotation of one concept includes the connotation of another concept, and includes at least a hierarchical relationship of distinguishing characteristics.

Note 1. The low-temperature thermostat is described as a thermostat with a refrigeration device. The relationship between the thermostat and the low-temperature thermostat is a species relationship. With the same connotation, the low-temperature thermostat has the distinguishing characteristics of the refrigeration device.

Note 2. In the UML class diagram relationship, the species relationship is called the generalization relationship.

3.9 Hierarchical relation

One concept is at a higher level, and the other concept is at a lower level.

Note 1. The so-called level is the vertical positional relationship of the concept, including one direction from top to bottom and the other direction from bottom to top.

Note 2. Hierarchical relations basically include partial relations and species relations.

3.10 Intended application

The collection of attributes, features or functions related to the use or purpose of laboratory instruments and equipment when they are designed or shipped from the factory.

3.11 Laboratory instruments and equipment

The expected applications are instruments and equipment for laboratory analysis, testing, measurement, verification, observation, inspection, diagnosis, operation and control.

Note: Does not include conventional appliances and physical measuring tools.

3.12 Measuring equipment

The expected application is laboratory instruments and equipment that directly or indirectly measure the value of the measured object.

3.13 Object

Perceivable or imaginable thing or thing.

Note: Laboratory instruments and equipment are objects.

3.14 Ontological relation

Pay more attention to the relationship between one or more objects extended by one concept and one or more objects extended by another concept.

A relationship that is not the relationship between two concepts themselves.

Note 1. For example, the relationship between elemental analyzers and coulometers is not the focus of attention, while sulfur and chlorine titrators, arsenic analyzers and other instruments specifically used for elemental analysis A device, one or more of the Coulomb devices that may be based on electrochemical principles to a large extent.

Note 2. In addition to the species relationship, almost all conceptual relationships can be understood as entity relationships.

Note 3. Except for some relationships, there is no clear upper and lower hierarchical relationship between the various concepts in the entity relationship, so it is necessary to indicate the roles or roles between each other. Function, such as the use of UML class diagram tools can well express entity relationships.

3.15 Partial relation

One of the concepts constitutes the whole, and the other is the hierarchical relationship of a part of the whole.

Note 1. According to the heat transfer medium, heating, cooling and air purification and conditioning equipment at least include box equipment, tank equipment, solid bath, air purification and conditioning equipment Equipment category, the equipment category includes at least the category name and classification code; in order to accurately express the concept and category of the equipment, the equipment category can also include Including the attributes of the equipment and its multiplicity parameters, including but not limited to expected applications, technical specifications, structural principles, standard test methods and standards Number etc.

Note 2. According to whether the heating system and the refrigeration system are equipped, the thermostatic bath (class 0422) can be divided into high temperature thermostat (class 042210), high and low temperature thermostat (No. 042220) and low temperature constant temperature bath (No. 042230), in which the constant temperature bath with only heating system is called high temperature constant temperature bath, which has both heating system and The constant temperature tank of the refrigeration system is called the high and low temperature constant temperature tank, and the constant temperature tank of the refrigeration system is called the low temperature constant temperature tank, as shown in Figure A.22.

The aggregation association, combination association and generalization association instance of the additional multiplicity parameters in the UML class diagram and the meaning of some association relations See Appendix A for explanation.

4.2 Classification rules

4.2.1 Confirm category relationship

Theories and methods based on objects, attributes, characteristics, concepts, and conceptual relationships and conceptual systems, combined with laboratory work and management practices And thinking, the classification of laboratory equipment and equipment mainly includes three hierarchical relationships, namely, the first-level classification, the second-level classification and the third-level classification.

According to the first-level classification of laboratory instruments and equipment classified by structure, principle, function, expected application and application field, the equipment (and its exclusive Parts) are arranged in the order of Class 01 to Class 99.Each type of equipment has a category number and name. The name summarizes the category Including the characteristics and scope of the equipment (and its exclusive parts).

The requirements for the primary classification of laboratory instruments and equipment include.

--- Prioritize classification and sorting according to the expected application of the device, and then sort and sort according to the application field of the device;

---Two or more expected applications or application fields of laboratory instruments and equipment, from their main expected applications or application fields Row classification;

---Category formed according to the expected application classification. If the number of equipment is sporadic or scattered, the equipment should be classified according to the application field. classification;

---Category formed by classification of application fields. If the number of devices is sporadic or scattered, devices in similar or different application fields will be classified Classification after merger;

---Exclusive parts are classified according to their subordinate laboratory instruments and equipment;

---New laboratory instruments and equipment or categories should be classified and sequenced in accordance with this principle.

The secondary and tertiary classifications of laboratory instruments and equipment are carried out in a similar manner to the first-level classification; the fourth-level and above classifications are for certain equipment The classification may be necessary, and the parties involved in the classification of laboratory instruments and equipment can negotiate according to the three-level classification rules.

The classification of some laboratory instruments and equipment is shown in Appendix B, with the primary, secondary and tertiary classification codes of equipment as the main line.

The structure of the secondary and tertiary classification table of laboratory instruments and equipment is as follows.

---The first column, the first-level classification number;

---The second column, the secondary classification code;

---The third column, three-level classification code;

---The fourth column, the category name of the device;

---The fifth column, the English name of the equipment category is compared;

--- The sixth column, classification description of categories, examples of typical laboratory instruments and equipment when ambiguity may arise.

Laboratory instruments and equipment with the same name but different expected applications or application fields are classified according to their expected applications or application fields.

It may appear in multiple places in the secondary and tertiary classification tables of equipment in Appendix B. This type of equipment uses "*" as the category difference mark to facilitate For mutual comparison. For example. the "detector*" of chromatograph and the "detector*" of microorganisms in the field of biotechnology.

4.2.2 Analysis and modeling

Based on the relationship between laboratory instruments and equipment categories, the analysis and construction of equipment should be established for specific disciplines, laboratories or applications. Models, including but not limited to.

---The name and unique code of the equipment and its exclusive parts;

---The expected application and service location, cycle and life of the equipment;

---The number of equipment;

---Necessary adjustments, deletions and additions.

4.2.3 Expression of Association Relationship

The association relationship between equipment and equipment and between categories and categories can be expressed by UML, which is aimed at specific expected applications or applications. Fields of use, between the upper and lower levels of the equipment category, and between the same level may be part or all of the species relationship, partial relationship, entity relationship, and association relationship. Departments, complex equipment categories have overlaps and crossovers of various associations.

Figure 3 shows the UML expression method of aggregation relationship, combination relationship and generalization relationship, heating, cooling and air purification and conditioning equipment Refer to Appendix A for the UML classification model of association relations.

4.2.4 Category name and unique code

The category of laboratory instruments and equipment should be expressed by accurately defining category names. The basic principles for confirming category names are as follows.

---Consider language habits, short and clear, neutral and without ambiguity or discrimination;

---User acceptance, easy to pronounce or remember;

---Transparency, that is, it has obvious meaning, such as a gene cycler;

---Preferential use of native language, taking into account foreign words;

---Derivative and sustainable.

Note: The name originated from practice, such as a gas chromatograph, and it can also be created, such as the first letter GC corresponding to the English name. The name derived from practice may vary by subject, application With differences in fields, regions, habits, history, culture, etc., there are situations where the same name represents multiple concepts and multiple names represent the same concept, for example The 01 (chromatograph) detector and the 17 (microbial) detector represent different concepts; similarly, the 01 liquid chromatograph uses The names of high-pressure liquid chromatograph and high-performance liquid chromatograph were introduced.

The unique code of laboratory instruments and equipment is composed of the first-level classification code, the second-level classification code and the third-level classification code of the equipment. The above classification codes can be implemented by reference.

The first-level classification code of the equipment is 2 digit Arabic numerals, ranging from 01 to 99, and the order of arrangement is first according to the structure of laboratory instruments and equipment. Structure, principle, function and expected application, and then classified according to the key application field of the equipment or similar application field.

The secondary classification code of the equipment is 4-digit Arabic numerals, ranging from 0101 to 9999, of which the first 2 digits are the primary classification code, and the last 2 digits The number is the secondary classification serial number.

The third-level classification code of the equipment is 6-digit Arabic numerals, ranging from 010101 to 999999, of which the first 4 digits are the second-level classification code, and the last The 2 digits are the three-level classification serial number.

According to classification principles and methods, the classification of laboratory instruments and equipment can have many schemes and combinations, resulting in many inconsistencies and even Conflicting results. In order to avoid similar problems, the following requirements should be met.

---The equipment category code is unique, the code is the original code and takes into account the redundancy, but it does not fully represent the conceptual relationship. When adding new laboratory instruments and equipment, the existing category codes should remain unchanged.

---In the association relationship, the existing code with a lower coding level is first quoted, and a new code is created when the existing code does not exist.

---Codes should be used in order, where 01 category codes should be used in increasing order, and 99 category codes should be used in descending order.

---Species and some of the laboratory instruments and equipment categories are hierarchical, and the codes of the upper and lower levels should reflect the level relationship.

---The laboratory instrument and equipment category of entity relationship is non-hierarchical relationship, allowing arbitrary association of different levels of codes.

4.2.5 Name correction

It is allowed to keep the industry customary names of laboratory instruments and equipment, and place the alternative names in square brackets for further explanation before the brackets […]

5.2 Classification of Class 01 Equipment-Analytical Instruments and Equipment and Their Exclusive Parts

5.2.1 Overview

This category includes a class of laboratory instruments and equipment that are expected to be used to analyze the composition, chemical structure and some physical properties of substances, such as chromatography Instrument, field flow separator, spectrometer, optical analyzer, electrochemical analyzer, mass spectrometer, spectrometer, energy spectrometer, special analyzer and its exclusive parts The key technology of this type of equipment is the separation, identification and content detection of components.

Note: Because any single technology and means such as separation, identification and content detection are difficult to meet the requirements of the expected application, typical equipment, including the combination of typical equipment There may be crossovers between different categories and appear under different categories. On the one hand, it may become the basis for classification above three levels, and on the other hand, follow The principle of uniqueness of classification codes and the use of lower-level classification codes may easily cause confusion in entity relationships.

Some equipment in this category may cause confusion with the following instruments and equipment.

---Part of the equipment in this category can be used in conjunction with an electron microscope of category 02 to achieve analysis or diagnostic functions. According to the principle of primary and secondary, this type of The equipment may be in this category or category 02;

---Key components such as exclusive high-pressure pumps for chromatographs of this category and some liquid distribution equipment or experimental pumps of Class 09;

---Key components such as chromatographs and chromatographic columns of this category and the separation equipment or purification equipment of category 09;

---Detectors of this category* and optical measuring instruments of category 03, physical property measuring instruments of category 08 and biotechnology of category 17 Instruments and equipment, such as microbial detectors*;

---Exclusive parts of this category such as autosampler, automatic fraction collector, automatic sample processing device, automatic liquid workstation and Class 09 laboratory automation system;

---Optical analysis instruments in this category and some optical measuring instruments and physical property measuring instruments in Class 03 and 08;

--- This category of mercury measuring instrument is easy to confuse the name of mercury porosimeter and mercury drop instrument. Mercury porosimeter is in category 08, and mercury drop instrument is in category 09.

5.2.2 Equipment, exclusive parts and components included in Class 01 and their intended applications

According to key technical characteristics, this category includes.

---According to the principle of separation, such as chromatograph and field flow separator;

---Based on the principles of optics, electrochemistry, the deflection of moving ions in the electromagnetic field, spectrum, energy spectrum or wavelength dispersion, such as spectrometer, mass spectrometer Instrument, spectrometer, energy spectrometer, electrochemical analyzer and optical analyzer, etc.;

---For specific anticipated applications, such as elemental analyzers and amino acid analyzers.

There is a physical relationship between the above elemental analyzers and atomic absorption spectrometers, fluorescence spectrometers, coulometers (class 015050) and mercury measuring instruments.

There is a physical relationship between the amino acid analyzer and the liquid chromatograph.

This category specifically includes.

---Gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, capillary electrophoresis, ion chromatograph, gel permeation chromatograph, supercritical fluid chromatograph, thin Layer chromatograph;

---Electric field flow field flow separator, centrifugal field field flow separator, thermal field flow field flow separator, sedimentation field flow field flow separator;

---Molecular spectrometers such as ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, infrared spectrometer, Raman spectrometer, molecular fluorescence spectrometer, gas phase molecular absorption Receiving spectrometer and circular dichroic spectrometer, etc.;

---Atomic spectrometer such as atomic absorption spectrometer, atomic emission spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, atomic fluorescence spectrometer, etc.;

---Spectrograph, laser micro-area spectrometer, spectrometer and monochromator, etc.;

---Optical analyzers such as refractometer, polarimeter, colorimeter, colorimeter, gloss meter, ellipsometer, turbidity meter, colorimeter and whiteness meter;

---Electrochemical analyzers such as acidity meter, ion meter, conductivity analyzer, polarograph, mercury meter, dissolution analyzer, coulometer, potentiostat Instrument, electrochemical quartz crystal micro balance;

---Moisture analyzer, water quality analyzer and corrosion tester;

---Inorganic mass spectrometer, organic mass spectrometer, isotope mass spectrometer, special mass spectrometer and its ion source and mass analyzer;

---Spectrometer and energy spectrometer.

The exclusive components of gas chromatographs and their expected applications include.

---Gas generator. Provide gas with stable pressure and flow rate and purity that meets the analytical requirements for the chromatograph, such as hydrogen generator and nitrogen Generator, air generator;

---Thermal cracker. A chemical process that converts a sample into another or several substances through thermal energy, such as polystyrene cracked into styrene by heat Alkene monomer for analysis by gas chromatograph, such as thermal cracker [thermal cracker];

---Thermal analyzer. put the solid sample or the adsorption tube adsorbing the analyte in the thermal desorption instrument and directly connect it with the chromatograph, and the carrier gas The superheated desorption instrument enters the sample inlet of the gas chromatograph; such as thermal desorption instrument [thermal desorption instrument];

---Adsorption tube activation instrument. activate or age the adsorption tube of the thermal analysis instrument, such as the adsorption tube activation instrument [adsorption tube aging instrument];

---Gas Chromatography Detector. Convert the change of the concentration of the analyzed component in the column mobile phase into an optical or electrical signal, such as electron capture Detector, Flame Photometric Detector, Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector, Hydrogen Flame Ionization Detector, Thermal Conductivity Detector, Photoionization Detector, Fire Flame temperature detector, etc.;

---Headspace sampling system. Put the sample to be tested in a closed container, and evaporate the volatile components from the sample matrix by heating Come out, reach equilibrium in the gas-liquid (or gas-solid) two phases, and directly extract the top gas for gas chromatographic analysis to test the sample The composition and content of volatile components. It can be a part of a gas chromatograph, such as an autosampler, or a type 09 experiment A means or device of a room automation system.

The exclusive parts and expected applications of liquid chromatograph include.

---Liquid chromatography sampling system. automatically and quantitatively introduce the sample to be analyzed into the injection port of the chromatograph, such as an automatic sample injector;

---Liquid Chromatography Detector. Converts the change of the concentration of the analyzed component in the column mobile phase into an optical or electrical signal, such as ultraviolet/can See light absorption detector, refractive index detector, etc.;

---Liquid Chromatography High Pressure Pump. Precisely control the pressure, flow, mixing ratio and gradient of the mobile phase to ensure efficient separation and Elution, such as plunger pump;

---Liquid chromatography post-column derivatization device. use derivatization reaction to separate the effective components in the column and react with the corresponding reagents to change their Physical or chemical properties that make it easy to be detected, such as amino acid detectors, post-column reaction devices;

---Liquid Chromatography Fraction Collector. After the liquid chromatograph is separated, it is used as a special analysis, spectral identification or preparation to obtain a small amount of test samples Products, such as fraction collector [automatic collector];

---Liquid Chromatography Axial Compression System. Installed by the up and down movement of an axially movable piston in the column that is well sealed with the column wall Column, maintain column pressure and unload column, used to prepare packed column, such as dynamic axial compression column [dynamic axial preparation column];

---Liquid chromatographic column thermostat. increase the temperature of the chromatographic column of the liquid chromatograph and maintain it within the set temperature and a certain fluctuation range to Reduce the pressure of the chromatographic column and improve the temperature stability of the separation analysis, such as the column thermostat.

Spectrometer exclusive components and their expected applications include.

---Spectrometer attenuated total reflection accessory. Use infrared spectrometer (FTIR) for qualitative and quantitative detection of liquids, powders, sols, pastes, Special accessories for the chemical composition of samples such as polymer films;

---Spectrometer diffuse reflectance accessory. the spectrometer's exclusive spare part matched with infrared spectrometer to realize diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy measurement. Other exclusive parts for this type of equipment.

5.2.3 Equipment and parts not included in Class 01

Class 01 equipment does not include the following equipment.

---Analytical electron microscope, imaging spectrometer [hyperspectral imager], this type of equipment is classified into category 02;

---The chiller used for laser cooling [cooling water circulation device], the cryogenic cold trap used for spectrum analysis [low temperature constant temperature bath], this type of equipment Equipment is classified in Class 04;

---Intended applications are optical measurement instruments, such as photometers, radiometers, material optical measurement instruments, fiber optics measurement Instruments, imaging optical measuring instruments, and ophthalmic optical measuring instruments, etc., these devices are classified into category 03;

---The expected application is thermal measurement instruments, such as radiation temperature measuring instruments, etc., this type of equipment is classified into category 05;

---The expected application is an instrument for measuring physical properties, such as a thermal analyzer, etc., and this type of equipment is classified into Class 08;

---Preparative liquid chromatographs, vacuum pumps and systems, this type of equipment is classified into Class 09.

5.2.4 Secondary and tertiary classification of Class 01 equipment

For the secondary and tertiary classification of this category of equipment, see Appendix B, Table B.1.

5.3 Classification of equipment of class 02---optical instruments and equipment and their exclusive parts

5.3.1 Overview

This category includes optical systems and other auxiliary systems based on optical principles. The expected applications are observation, imaging, light source, and light.

A class of laboratory instruments and equipment for scientific experiments, such as magnifiers, microscopes, optical imaging equipment, optical telescopes, lasers, experimental light sources, light The key technical features of this type of equipment are based on the basic principles and applications of optics and optoelectronics.

Some equipment in this category may cause confusion with the following instruments and equipment.

---The combination of the electron microscope of this category and the equipment of category 01 can realize the analysis or diagnosis function. According to the principle of primary and secondary, this type of equipment May be in this category or 01;

---This category of equipment lasers and class 03 optical measuring instruments, class 07 mechanical measuring instruments, and class 08 based on laser principles Physical property measuring instruments, category 11 geometric measuring instruments, such as laser radiometric measuring instruments, velocity measuring instruments, particle size analyzers, length Measuring instruments, etc.

Note: Some astronomical telescopes in this category, such as large-aperture radio telescopes, are not in the category of laboratory instruments, but they may be mentioned in the classification for the convenience of specification.

5.3.2 Equipment, exclusive parts and components included in Class 02 and their intended applications

Based on expected applications and key technical characteristics, this category includes.

---Magnifying glass, optical microscope, electron microscope and scanning probe microscope;

---Cameras, camcorders, photogrammetry, projectors and remote sensors;

---Astronomical telescopes, ordinary optical telescopes and reading telescopes;

---Laser and experimental light source;

---Optical experimental equipment;

---Exclusive parts for this category of equipment.

This category specifically includes.

---Stereo interpreter, process magnifying glass, ordinary optical microscope, inverted optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope Mirror, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, Analytical Electron Microscope, Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope, Scanning Electrochemical Microscope Mirror, scanning thermal microscope and electron probe X-ray micro area analyzer;

---Film cameras, digital cameras, one-time imaging cameras, duplicators, tape video recorders, digital video recorders, surveillance cameras Code video camera, speed digital video camera, measuring camera, electronic printer, coordinate measuring instrument, stereo surveying instrument, mosaic Instrument, projector, projection reading device, corrector, remote sensor, multispectral camera, multispectral scanner, imaging spectrometer, infrared radiation Radiometer, ground object spectroradiometer, graphic synthesizer, etc.;

---According to the type of objective lens, it can be divided into refracting telescope, reflecting telescope and folding telescope, etc.;

---According to the expected applications, it can be divided into radio telescopes, solar telescopes, infrared telescopes, millimeter wave telescopes, X-ray telescopes, gamma Ray telescope, ultraviolet telescope, space astronomical telescope, reading telescope and ranging telescope, etc.;

---According to the observation position, it can be divided into Gemini telescope, space telescope, Hubble telescope and gamma-ray telescope;

---According to the working material and gain medium, lasers can be divided into gas lasers, solid-state lasers, semiconductor lasers, and fiber lasers And liquid lasers, etc.;

---Experimental light sources such as irradiation light sources, instrument light sources, calibration light sources and standard light sources; […]