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GB/T 454-2020Paper--Determination of bursting strength (English PDF)

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Issued by

State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration

Level / Type

National · Recommended

Issue date

July 21, 2020

Implementation date

February 1, 2021

Scope

GB/T 454-2020 (Paper--Determination of bursting strength) is available as an English-translated PDF.

GB/T 454-2020 — This standard specifies a method for determining the bursting resistance of paper by increasing the hydraulic pressure. This standard applies to the determination of paper with a bursting strength of 70kPa~1400kPa, and does not apply to composite paperboards (e.g. corrugated paperboards or liners). For the determination of the bursting strength of paperboard, the method given in GB/T 1539 is more suitable for the determination of the bursting strength of composite paperboard products. In the case where the measurement method is not specified in the commercial agreement, materials with a burst resistance of less than 600kPa can be tested by this standard.

Document preview — GB/T 454-2020

National Standard of the People's Republic of China

ICS: 85.010
Classification: Y 30
Replacing: GB/T 454-2002

Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration

Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Principle
5 Instruments
5.1 Clamping system
5.2 Adhesive film
5.3 Hydraulic system
5.4 Pressure measurement system
6 Calibration
7 Collection and preparation of samples
8 Test procedure
8.1 If necessary, determine the quantification in accordance with GB/T 451.2.
9 Presentation of results
9.2 Calculate the standard deviation of the result.
10 Test report
Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Principle
5 Instruments
5.1 Clamping system
5.2 Adhesive film

Foreword

This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.

This standard replaces GB/T 454-2002 "Determination of Paper Bursting Strength". Compared with GB/T 454-2002, this standard is mainly subject to editorial changes.

The main technical changes are as follows.

---Modified the scope of application (see Chapter 1, Chapter 1 of the.2002 edition);

---Modified normative reference documents (see Chapter 2, Chapter 2 of the.2002 edition);

---Modified the requirements for sample taking and preparation (see Chapter 7, Chapter 7 of the.2002 edition);

---Modified the test procedure (see Chapter 8, Chapter 8 of the.2002 edition);

--- Modified the presentation of results (see Chapter 9, Chapter 9 of the.2002 edition);

---The precision is revised, and the precision is separately regarded as Appendix E, and the test report is revised to Chapter 10 (see Chapter 10 and Appendix E,

Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 of the.2002 edition).

This standard uses the redrafting method to modify and adopt ISO 2758.2014 "Determination of Paper Bursting Strength".

The technical differences between this standard and ISO 2758.2014 and the reasons are as follows.

---Regarding normative references, this standard has made adjustments with technical differences to adapt to my country's technical conditions and adjustments.

The situation is collectively reflected in Chapter 2 "Normative Reference Documents", and the specific adjustments are as follows.

* Replace ISO 186 with GB/T 450, which is modified to adopt international standards;

* Replace ISO 536 with GB/T 451.2, which is equivalent to adopting international standards;

* Replace ISO 187 with GB/T 10739, which is equivalent to adopting international standards;

* Added reference to GB/T 1539.

--- Increased requirements for sample taking and preparation to adapt to changes in test instrument conditions (see Chapter 7).

---Modified the test procedures to adapt to my country's national conditions (see Chapter 8).

1 Scope

This standard specifies a method for determining the bursting resistance of paper by increasing the hydraulic pressure.

This standard applies to the determination of paper with a bursting strength of 70kPa~1400kPa, and does not apply to composite paperboards (e.g. corrugated paperboards or liners).

For the determination of the bursting strength of paperboard, the method given in GB/T 1539 is more suitable for the determination of the bursting strength of composite paperboard products.

In the case where the measurement method is not specified in the commercial agreement, materials with a burst resistance of less than 600kPa can be tested by this standard.

2 Normative references

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version applies to this article

Pieces. For undated reference documents, the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to this document.

The collection of GB/T 450 paper and paperboard samples and the determination of the longitudinal and transverse directions, front and back sides of the samples (GB/T 450-2008, ISO 186.

2002, MOD)

GB/T 451.2 Determination of quantitative weight of paper and cardboard (GB/T 451.2-2002, eqvISO 536.1995)

GB/T 1539 Determination of Burst Resistance of Paperboard (GB/T 1539-2007, ISO 2759.2001, IDT)

GB/T 10739 Standard atmospheric conditions for handling and testing of paper, paperboard and pulp samples (GB/T 10739-2002, eqvISO 187.

1990)

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this document.

3.1

Burstingstrength

The maximum pressure when the elastic film breaks through the circular area of the specimen when the pressure is applied by the hydraulic system.

Note. The displayed value of the breakage pressure includes the pressure required for the extension of the film during the test.

3.2

Burstingindex

Divide the paper's burst resistance by its basis weight.

4 Principle

Place the sample on the elastic film and clamp the periphery of the sample tightly so that it bulges freely with the film. When the hydraulic fluid is at a steady rate

Pump in to make the film bulge until the sample ruptures, the maximum pressure applied is the burst resistance of the sample.

5 Instruments

5.1 Clamping system

5.1.1 In order to clamp the sample firmly and evenly, the upper and lower chucks are two circular planes parallel to each other. Its annulus should be flat and with

Groove (see Appendix A), Appendix A gives the dimensions of the chuck system.

5.1.2 A chuck is connected with a hinge or a similar device to ensure uniform pressure distribution of the chuck.

5.1.3 When the test load is applied, the annular holes of the upper and lower chuck should be concentric, and the maximum error should not be greater than 0.25mm. Chuck surface

Should be flat and parallel to each other, see Appendix B for the method of checking the chuck.

5.1.4 The chuck system should be able to provide a clamping pressure of 1200kPa, and the instrument structure should ensure that the clamping pressure is repeatable (see appendix

C).

5.1.5 When calculating the clamping pressure, the area reduced by the grooves can be ignored.

5.1.6 The chuck pressure indicating device should be installed, which can display the actual clamping pressure instead of the pressure of the chuck system itself. Clamping pressure

The force can be calculated from the clamping force and the area of the chuck.

5.2 Adhesive film

5.2.1 The film is round and made of natural rubber or synthetic rubber. No fillers or additives should be added. Its thickness is (0.86+/-

0.06) mm, the upper surface is tightly clamped. The upper surface of the chuck should be about 3.5mm lower than the top surface of the lower chuck when it is static.

5.2.2 The film material and structure should ensure that when the film protrudes (9.0 +/- 0.2) mm from the top surface of the lower chuck, its pressure is (30 +/- 5) kPa. Glue film

It should be checked frequently during use. If the resistance of the film does not meet the requirements, it should be replaced in time.

5.3 Hydraulic system

The piston is driven by the motor to squeeze a suitable liquid (such as chemically pure glycerin, vinyl alcohol with corrosion inhibitor or low viscosity silicone oil) to produce under the film

Continue to increase the hydraulic pressure until the specimen ruptures. The liquid should be compatible with the film material and should not damage the inner surface of the film. Hydraulic system

There should be no air bubbles in the liquid used and the pumping volume should be (95+/-5) mL/min.

5.4 Pressure measurement system

Any principle can be used for measurement, but its accuracy should be equal to or higher than +/-10kPa or +/-3% of the indicated value, whichever is greater. For increasing

The response speed of the added hydraulic pressure should be. the maximum pressure error displayed should be within +/-3% of the peak true value, the calibration method is shown in the attachment

Record D.

6 Calibration

6.1 The instrument should facilitate the inspection of the fluid pumping rate, as well as the calibration of the maximum pressure, display system and chuck pressure display device.

6.2 Calibration should be performed before and during use to ensure that the instrument reaches the specified accuracy. If possible, pressure sensing devices should

Calibrate on the same position as the burst tester, preferably on the instrument itself. If the pressure sensor used

If it exceeds its rated range, it should be used after recalibration.

6.3 Aluminum foils of different thicknesses can be used as fixed-value samples. This method is an effective means for checking the overall function of the instrument. But due to aluminum foil

Its characteristics are different from paper under stress, so aluminum foil cannot be used as a calibration standard.

7 Collection and preparation of samples

7.1 The sampling of samples is carried out in accordance with GB/T 450, and the size of each sample should not be less than 70mmx70mm. The sample should not have folds, wrinkles,

Visible cracks or other obvious damage. If there is a watermark, try to avoid it when testing.

7.2 The sample is subjected to temperature and humidity treatment according to GB/T 10739, and the test is carried out under the atmospheric conditions.

8 Test procedure

8.1 If necessary, determine the quantification in accordance with GB/T 451.2.

8.2 Prepare the instrument in accordance with the instrument manual and the provisions of this standard, and preheat the electronic equipment.

8.3 If the pressure range can be selected, the most suitable measurement range should be selected. If necessary, the maximum range can be used for prediction.

8.4 Adjust the clamping system so that the clamping pressure can effectively prevent the specimen from sliding during the test, but it should not exceed 1200kPa.

8.5 Raise the upper chuck, cover the entire chuck area with the sample, and then apply sufficient clamping pressure to the sample.

8.6 If necessary, adjust the zero point of the hydraulic display device in accordance with the instrument manual to eliminate air bubbles in the hydraulic system and the liquid used. Of course

Then apply hydraulic pressure until the sample ruptures. Retract the piston so that the film is lower than the plane of the film chuck. Read the indication value of breaking pressure, accurate

To 1kPa. Then loosen the chuck and prepare for the next test. When the specimen slips significantly (the specimen slips out of the chuck or rises in the clamping area)

Wrinkles), the reading should be discarded. If in doubt, use a larger sample to quickly determine whether the sample has slipped. If the rupture form (e.g.

(Break at the periphery of the measurement area) indicates that the specimen is damaged due to excessive clamping force or the rotation of the chuck during clamping, so this test data should be discarded.

8.7 If it is not required to report the test results of the front and back of the sample separately, 20 valid data should be tested; if it is required to report the front and back of the sample separately

For the test results, at least 10 valid data should be measured on each side.

Note 1.The surface in contact with the film is the test surface.

Note 2.The main sources of error are as follows.

a) The pressure measurement system is not calibrated correctly;

b) The boost rate is inaccurate (increasing the rate leads to an increase in burst resistance);

c) The film does not meet the requirements, or the film is installed too high or too low relative to the plane of the chuck;

d) The film becomes hard or loses elasticity, which will significantly increase the burst resistance;

e) Incomplete clamping or unevenness (usually resulting in a significant increase in burst resistance);

f) There is air in the system (usually resulting in a significant decrease in burst resistance);

g) The film is too elastic (usually resulting in a significant decrease in burst resistance).

9 Presentation of results

9.1 Calculate the average burst resistance p, expressed in kilopascals, accurate to 1kPa. Refer to Appendix E for the precision of burst test results.

9.2 Calculate the standard deviation of the result.

9.3 The burst resistance index x is expressed in kilopascal square meters per gram (kPa.m2/g), calculated by formula (1).

(1)

Where.

p---average burst resistance, in kilopascals (kPa);

g---Quantity of the sample, the unit is grams per square meter (g/m2).

The burst resistance index should retain three significant figures.

10 Test report

The test report should include the following.

a) Number of this standard;

b) Test date and location;

c) All information required for complete identification of the sample;

d) The manufacturer and model of the instrument used;

e) Standard temperature and humidity conditions adopted;

f) The average value of bursting resistance, if required, the results should be reported separately on the front and back, accurate to 1kPa;

g) If required, three significant figures are reserved for the burst resistance index;

h) The standard deviation of the average value of each burst resistance;

i) Any deviation from this standard.

A.4 The size of x and y depends on the structure of the burst tester and the design of the film. The film should be firmly clamped.

A.5 The radius R is determined by the dimensions (3.50+/-0.05)mm and (0.65+/-0.10)mm. The arc of R should be within the vertical plane of the inner hole

It is tangent to the bottom surface of the lower chuck, and the radius should be 0.65mm~3mm.

A.6 In order to reduce the damage of the film during the test, R1 and R2 should be slightly rounded, but should not affect the inner diameter of the upper chuck (it is recommended that the curvature of R1 is half

The diameter is 0.6mm, and the radius of curvature of R2 is 0.4mm).

A.7 In order to reduce the sliding of the sample during the test, threads or concentric grooves should be engraved on the upper and lower clamp surfaces in contact with the sample. The following structure

better.

a) 60°V-shaped continuous thread with a pitch of (0.9+/-0.1)mm and a depth of not less than 0.25mm. The thread distance from the edge of the inner hole is (3.2+/-

0.1)mm start;

b) A series of 60°V-shaped concentric grooves with a pitch of (0.9+/-0.1) mm and a depth of not less than 0.25 mm, with the innermost groove being away from the edge of the inner hole

It is (3.2+/-0.1)mm.

A.8 There should be enough space above the round hole of the upper chuck so that the sample can protrude freely. If it is designed as a closed shape, there should be a

A small hole large enough to communicate with the atmosphere to allow the air collected on the upper part of the sample to escape, the diameter of the small hole is about 4mm.

Appendix B

(Normative appendix)

Inspection of sample chuck

Place a piece of carbon paper and a piece of white tissue paper in the middle of the upper and lower chucks, and clamp them with normal clamping force. If the specimen chuck is

Often, the imprints transferred from carbon paper to white paper are uniform and clear, and the entire area clamped by the chuck is clearly defined. If the upper chuck can

Rotate, then rotate 90° to re-test and get the second indentation. The concentricity of the upper and lower chuck can be checked by the following two methods

Check. One method is to put a plate with a disc with the same diameter as the inner diameter of the chuck on both sides, and check whether the inner holes of the upper and lower chuck are correct.

Alignment; another method is to clamp a white tissue paper between two carbon papers, and check whether the impressions pressed by the upper and lower chuck are overlapped.

Meet the requirements within 0.25mm.

Appendix C

(Normative appendix)

Clamping pressure

C.1 Some burst testers have hydraulic or pneumatic clamping devices, which can be adjusted to any required clamping force by connecting a pressure gauge. In this situation

In this case, it should be emphasized that the pressure in the hydraulic or pneumatic system may not be the same as the pressure between the two chucks. The area of the piston and the surface of the chuck should be considered.

Consider it.

C.2 If the instrument uses a mechanical clamping device, such as a screw or lever, the actual clamping pressure should be

He uses the appropriate device to measure.

Appendix D

(Normative appendix)

Calibration of pressure measurement systems

D.1 Static calibration

The pressure measurement system can be statically calibrated with a piston pressure gauge or mercury column. If the pressure sensing device is sensitive to the position, the sensor's

Calibration should be carried out in the normal installation position of the instrument. The maximum burst pressure indicating system shall be dynamically calibrated.

D.2 Dynamic calibration

The overall dynamic calibration of the instrument can be realized by connecting a parallel relatively independent maximum pressure measurement system. Burst resistance

When testing the maximum pressure, the frequency response and accuracy of the system should be sufficient and higher than +/-1.5%.

If the error at any point exceeds the provisions of 5.4, the source of the error should be investigated.

GB/T 454-2020

Paper--Determination of bursting strength

ICS 85.010

Y30

National Standards of People's Republic of China

Replace GB/T 454-2002

Determination of paper bursting resistance

(ISO 2758.2014, MOD)

2020-07-21 released

2021-02-01 implementation

State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration

Issued by the National Standardization Management Committee

Foreword

This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.

This standard replaces GB/T 454-2002 "Determination of Paper Bursting Strength". Compared with GB/T 454-2002, this standard is mainly subject to editorial changes.

The main technical changes are as follows.

---Modified the scope of application (see Chapter 1, Chapter 1 of the.2002 edition);

---Modified normative reference documents (see Chapter 2, Chapter 2 of the.2002 edition);

---Modified the requirements for sample taking and preparation (see Chapter 7, Chapter 7 of the.2002 edition);

---Modified the test procedure (see Chapter 8, Chapter 8 of the.2002 edition);

--- Modified the presentation of results (see Chapter 9, Chapter 9 of the.2002 edition);

---The precision is revised, and the precision is separately regarded as Appendix E, and the test report is revised to Chapter 10 (see Chapter 10 and Appendix E,

Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 of the.2002 edition).

This standard uses the redrafting method to modify and adopt ISO 2758.2014 "Determination of Paper Bursting Strength".

The technical differences between this standard and ISO 2758.2014 and the reasons are as follows.

---Regarding normative references, this standard has made adjustments with technical differences to adapt to my country's technical conditions and adjustments.

The situation is collectively reflected in Chapter 2 "Normative Reference Documents", and the specific adjustments are as follows.

* Replace ISO 186 with GB/T 450, which is modified to adopt international standards;

* Replace ISO 536 with GB/T 451.2, which is equivalent to adopting international standards;

* Replace ISO 187 with GB/T 10739, which is equivalent to adopting international standards;

* Added reference to GB/T 1539.

--- Increased requirements for sample taking and preparation to adapt to changes in test instrument conditions (see Chapter 7).

---Modified the test procedures to adapt to my country's national conditions (see Chapter 8).

1 Scope

This standard specifies a method for determining the bursting resistance of paper by increasing the hydraulic pressure.

This standard applies to the determination of paper with a bursting strength of 70kPa~1400kPa, and does not apply to composite paperboards (e.g. corrugated paperboards or liners).

For the determination of the bursting strength of paperboard, the method given in GB/T 1539 is more suitable for the determination of the bursting strength of composite paperboard products.

In the case where the measurement method is not specified in the commercial agreement, materials with a burst resistance of less than 600kPa can be tested by this standard.

2 Normative references

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version applies to this article

Pieces. For undated reference documents, the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to this document.

The collection of GB/T 450 paper and paperboard samples and the determination of the longitudinal and transverse directions, front and back sides of the samples (GB/T 450-2008, ISO 186.

2002, MOD)

GB/T 451.2 Determination of quantitative weight of paper and cardboard (GB/T 451.2-2002, eqvISO 536.1995)

GB/T 1539 Determination of Burst Resistance of Paperboard (GB/T 1539-2007, ISO 2759.2001, IDT)

GB/T 10739 Standard atmospheric conditions for handling and testing of paper, paperboard and pulp samples (GB/T 10739-2002, eqvISO 187.

1990)

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this document.

3.1

Burstingstrength

The maximum pressure when the elastic film breaks through the circular area of the specimen when the pressure is applied by the hydraulic system.

Note. The displayed value of the breakage pressure includes the pressure required for the extension of the film during the test.

3.2

Burstingindex

Divide the paper's burst resistance by its basis weight.

4 Principle

Place the sample on the elastic film and clamp the periphery of the sample tightly so that it bulges freely with the film. When the hydraulic fluid is at a steady rate

Pump in to make the film bulge until the sample ruptures, the maximum pressure applied is the burst resistance of the sample.

5 Instruments

5.1 Clamping system

5.1.1 In order to clamp the sample firmly and evenly, the upper and lower chucks are two circular planes parallel to each other. Its annulus should be flat and with

Groove (see Appendix A), Appendix A gives the dimensions of the chuck system.

5.1.2 A chuck is connected with a hinge or a similar device to ensure uniform pressure distribution of the chuck.

5.1.3 When the test load is applied, the annular holes of the upper and lower chuck should be concentric, and the maximum error should not be greater than 0.25mm. Chuck surface

Should be flat and parallel to each other, see Appendix B for the method of checking the chuck.

5.1.4 The chuck system should be able to provide a clamping pressure of 1200kPa, and the instrument structure should ensure that the clamping pressure is repeatable (see appendix

C).

5.1.5 When calculating the clamping pressure, the area reduced by the grooves can be ignored.

5.1.6 The chuck pressure indicating device should be installed, which can display the actual clamping pressure instead of the pressure of the chuck system itself. Clamping pressure

The force can be calculated from the clamping force and the area of the chuck.

5.2 Adhesive film

5.2.1 The film is round and made of natural rubber or synthetic rubber. No fillers or additives should be added. Its thickness is (0.86+/-

0.06) mm, the upper surface is tightly clamped...

......
This preview omits tables, figures, formulas and parts of the technical clauses. The complete document — all pages — is available in the English PDF.

Referenced standards

Normative references

GB/T 450 · GB/T 450-2008 · ISO 186 · GB/T 1539 · GB/T 1539-2007 · ISO 2759.2001 · GB/T 10739 · GB/T 10739-2002

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