GB/T 20879-2026Technical requirements for pest risk analysis for imported plants and plant products (English PDF)

5.2 Background Description

5.2.1 Reasons Describe the reasons for launching the PRA.

5.2.2 Other relevant background information A brief description of the planting, processing, transportation, and phytosanitary supervision of imported plants and plant products and other controlled substances in the exporting country or region. Information on international trade and other related matters, as well as information on the interception of harmful organisms at Chinese ports of entry for similar products from that country or region and surrounding areas.

5.3 Determine the PRA region The target region for the PRA can be determined; it can be the whole country or a specific region.

5.4 Information Collection By searching various databases or information systems and relevant literature, or by requesting information from the official contact points of relevant national plant protection organizations. Through various means, information on the characteristics, current distribution, and relationships with host plants and plant products of harmful organisms, as well as information on my country's import plant quarantine, is collected extensively. Information such as the interception situation.

6.1 Classification of Pests

6.1.1 Assessment of the harmfulness of imported plants It should be confirmed whether the imported plant is distributed in China. If it is not distributed or its distribution is not widespread, and if there is literature proving that it can or may cause harm... If it poses a threat, it should be classified as a pest.

6.1.2 List of Pests All known pests on plants and plant products in the exporting country or region (including those necessary for the spread of a particular pest) The vectors of transmission should be listed in accordance with Appendix A. The taxonomic status of all harmful organisms included in the list should be determined, generally down to the species level. Higher or lower taxonomic ranks may be used if there is sufficient scientific evidence. If descending to the subspecies level, information such as virulence and host range should be provided. Or evidence of differences in transmission media, etc.

6.1.3 Distribution and Damage Characteristics of Pests To verify the distribution of harmful organisms both domestically and internationally, the distribution abroad should be determined using highly reliable and up-to-date information sources whenever possible. Confirm name. The list should identify the association between each pest and a specific plant and plant product. It should clearly define the plant parts affected by the pest, as well as the imported plants and plant products. Whether plant products can transmit the pest. Pests that cannot be transmitted through imported plants and plant products will not be further assessed, but should be... The reasons for including them in the list of harmful organisms or in the main text are explained.

6.1.4 Status of Pest Control Clarify the control status of harmful organisms in China, including whether they are listed in the "List of Quarantine Pests for Imported Plants of the People's Republic of China". List of Key Invasive Alien Species under Management, List of National Agricultural Plant Quarantine Pests, List of National Forestry Quarantine Pests The National List of Dangerous and Harmful Forest Organisms and the supplementary lists of agricultural and forestry quarantine pests issued by each province.

6.1.5 Identify quarantine pests and restricted non-quarantine pests

6.1.5.1 Quarantine pests For imported plants and plant products, quarantine pests (QPs) should be identified according to the definition and marked in the list. The identification of QPs should meet the following criteria. It contains the following basic elements.

---This pest has potential economic importance, and there should be documented scientific evidence demonstrating its relationship with the assessed plants and plant products. It is associated with and causes harm, and therefore has potential economic importance; and

---This pest should not occur in the PRA area;

---Or, although it has occurred, it is not widespread and has been or will soon be regulated, that is, it is already under official control or will soon be. The future will be placed under official control.

6.1.5.2 Specified Non-Quarantine Pests For plants imported for cultivation, in addition to identifying quarantine pests according to their definitions, non-quarantine pests should also be identified according to their definitions. Items (RNQPs) should be identified and marked in the list. An RNQP should meet the following basic requirements.

---There is written scientific evidence linking it to the plantations being assessed, and the plantations being assessed are its... Transmission routes; and This pest is of economic importance and will have an economic impact on the original use of the assessed plantations, thus possessing economic significance. Economic importance; and

---This pest has already occurred in the PRA region.

6.1.5.3 Comparison of Quarantine Pests and Specified Non-Quarantine Pests Both QP and RNQP are classified as limited pests, but they differ in distribution, transmission routes, economic impact, and official control. the difference.

6.1.6 Results of Harmful Organism Classification Based on the above classification, a list of restricted pests has been determined. If no restricted pests are found after classification, it indicates a low risk. If the risk level is low, the risk analysis report should be completed. The risk management measures recommendations should include conducting pest surveys and testing, and taking action if new pests are discovered. If harmful organisms are detected, the Chinese side should be notified promptly so that a risk assessment can be conducted; if new harmful organisms are intercepted at Chinese ports, the Chinese side will conduct a risk assessment. (Classification) When something is unclear, additional information should be provided for a more comprehensive evaluation. All information regarding harmful organisms should be supported by references.

6.2.1 Assessment of the likelihood of pest entry

6.2.1.1 Pests infect plants and plant products in the exporting country or region. The main risk factors are.

---The occurrence of pests in the place of origin, whether pest surveys have been conducted, and the results of such surveys;

---The frequency and quality of output plants and plant products;

---Cultivation, harvesting, and processing procedures [agricultural operations, harvest season, processing (such as selection, de-inferior selection, grading, washing, waxing, etc.), and finishing] The effects of physical treatments (such as chemical treatments and physical treatments like heating and cooling) on harmful organisms;

---The possibility of contamination by harmful organisms during transportation and storage;

---Pest management measures adopted in the country of origin (use of pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.);

---The association of pests with plants and plant products (the stage of the pest's life cycle, and its infection of plants and plant products) Product parts, etc.);

---The effectiveness of specialized measures to deal with pests. Data on pest interception at ports of entry can demonstrate the ability of pests to infect plants and plant products in exporting countries or regions.

6.2.1.2 Harmful organisms arrive at Chinese ports from ports of origin in exporting countries or regions. The following risk factors affect the likelihood of pests surviving during transport or storage, and the likelihood of them remaining alive after on-site inspection. Possibility.

---Storage and transportation conditions, and transportation speed. If goods transit through a third country or region, the method of goods transfer in that country or region. And storage conditions, as well as whether it may be contaminated by quarantine pests, etc.

---The survival ability and life history of harmful organisms.

---Commercial measures (such as refrigeration) taken on goods during transportation or storage from the exporting country or region to our country.

---Whether routine port quarantine can detect it and how difficult it is. Data on pest interception at ports of entry can demonstrate the ability of pests to survive during transport or storage, and to some extent indicate... The effectiveness of port quarantine technology.

6.2.1.3 Harmful organisms transfer to suitable hosts in different areas If a pest can transfer to multiple suitable hosts, each should be assessed individually, and the likelihood of its transfer should be determined collectively. The main risk factors are... It has always been known as.

6.2.2 Assessment of the likelihood of pest colonization

6.2.2.1 Presence, quantity, and distribution of hosts, alternate hosts, and transmission vectors in the PRA area The taxonomic hierarchy of host, alternate host, and transmission medium is generally species-based; the adoption of higher or lower taxonomic hierarchies should be supported by sufficient scientific evidence. Hold. This includes the following key risk factors.

---The existence, extent, and distribution of host and parahost (which can be represented using a geographic information system);

---Whether the host and alternate host occur within a sufficiently close geographical range to allow the pest to complete its life cycle;

---When the usual host plant species are unavailable, are there other suitable host plant species?

---Whether the vectors needed for the spread of harmful organisms already exist in the PRA area or may be introduced.

6.2.2.2 Environmental suitability of the PRA area Environmental factors (climate, soil, etc.) and interactions between harmful organisms and other organisms should be identified, as these risk factors may affect harmful organisms. The growth of pests, their hosts, and vectors. It should be noted that the environmental impact on harmful organisms, their hosts, and vectors is not always consistent. In addition, attention should be paid to the possibility of harmful organisms and their hosts and vectors establishing themselves in facility agriculture environments (greenhouses, etc.).

6.2.2.3 Cultivation Techniques and Control Measures A comparison should be made of the practices used during the cultivation/production of host crops to determine the differences between PRA regions and the origin of pests. Whether or not there is a distinction, this distinction may affect the colonization ability of pests. Attention should be paid to existing pest control measures in PRA areas. Are there effective methods to eradicate them, or can natural enemies reduce the likelihood of their colonization?

6.2.2.4 Other characteristics of pests that affect the likelihood of colonization The main risk factors include the following.

---The growth and reproduction methods of pests. The characteristics that enable pests to grow and reproduce in new environments should be identified (parthenogenesis/autoreproduction). (e.g., life cycle, number of decades, dormancy period)

---Genetic adaptation. It should be determined whether the pest exhibits polymorphism and to what extent it has shown adaptation to the same conditions as the PRA region. The ability of a pest to adapt to a wider range of habitats or new hosts, such as whether it is host-specific or a physiological race of a harmful organism, is important. Physiological races with genotypic (and phenotypic) variations are beneficial for pests to withstand environmental changes, adapt to a wider range of habitats, and produce pesticides. Resistance and overcoming host resistance;

---Minimum surviving population required for colonization. The minimum number of individuals required for pest colonization should be estimated.

6.2.2.5 Other factors Obtain reliable biological information (life history, host range, occurrence dynamics, etc.) from the areas where pests occur, and compare it with that of the PRA region. A comparison of the situations should be made. It should be noted that some harmful organisms may not be able to establish themselves in PRA areas (unsuitable climatic conditions, etc.), but may still be able to... It could have unacceptable economic consequences.

6.2.2.6 Assessment Summary The colonization probability of QP should be assessed to determine the risk level, which is divided into very high, high, medium, low and very low (see Appendix B).

6.2.3 Assessment of the likelihood of pest spread The situation in the PRA area should be compared with the situation in areas currently experiencing this pest. It should be noted that some pests are easily... They enter and settle in regions of lower potential economic importance, and then spread to regions of higher potential economic importance. Risk factors are the main... Must have.

6.2.4 Assessment of the potential impact of quarantine pests

6.2.4.1 Assessment Content Assuming the pest has already established and spread in the PRA area, to assess the potential consequences of the pest, raw materials of the pest should be collected. Information about the place of origin, including various hazards, can be compared with threatened areas to obtain accurate assessment results. Impact assessment includes direct impacts. Impact assessment and indirect impact assessment involve losses in multiple aspects, including the economy, environment, and society. They assess not only the impact of pests on human health, agriculture, and forestry. The impact on industrial production and the ecological environment should also be assessed, including the impact on related industries or markets. If there is sufficient evidence regarding a particular pest... If it is proven or generally accepted that unacceptable consequences will occur, then a detailed assessment is unnecessary; one can simply conclude that the potential impact risk is very high. in conclusion.

6.2.4.2 Direct Impact Assessment The main risk factors for assessing direct damage caused by pests include.

---Pests causing loss of public health or social welfare (causing allergies or producing toxins harmful to humans, altering public health, or causing harm to humans). (such as the quality of life of the masses).

---Losses in the quality and yield of agricultural production and forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery production caused by harmful organisms;

---Harmful organisms cause losses to the ecological environment, such as reductions in species numbers and threats to survival;

---Control measures (including existing measures) and their effects and costs.

6.2.4.3 Indirect Impact Assessment The main risk factors for assessing indirect damage caused by pests include.

--- Costs of developing new or revising existing eradication, control, investigation, and restitution measures;

---Impacts on domestic trade or industry, including changes in consumer demand, and influences on the supply inputs of other industries to the directly affected industries. Utilization of the output;

---Impacts on international trade, including market loss, the need to meet new technological requirements to gain/maintain market access, and international consumption. Consumer needs are changing;

---Indirect impacts on the ecological environment include reduced biodiversity, endangered species, and disruption of ecosystem integrity (including...). (System structure, processes and functions), reducing tourism, lowering rural and regional economic capacity, and damaging the comfortable and beautiful environment (to recreation, (the impact on aesthetic or property value), and any side effects caused by control measures.

6.2.4.4 Assessment Summary The potential impact of QP should be assessed to determine a risk level, which is categorized as very high, high, medium, low, and very low (see [link to risk assessment]). Appendix B).

6.2.5 Overall Risk Assessment The above assessments can determine the likelihood of pest introduction (including entry and colonization), spread, and potential impacts, and proceed according to Appendix C. The data are summarized and a comprehensive assessment is conducted in accordance with Appendix D to determine the overall risk of the pest.

6.3 Risk assessment of restricted non-quarantine pests

6.3.1 Assess the possibility that cultivated plants are a major source of RNQP infection.

6.3.1.1 Analyze the sources and transmission routes of harmful organisms. By analyzing the life history of pests and their hosts, as well as information on the o...