GB 17378.3-2007The specification for marine monitoring Part 3:Sample collection,storage and transportation (English PDF)

4.3.1 Sample Type

4.3.1.1 instantaneous sample Instantaneous sample is discontinuous samples. Both in the water and the bottom surface or at a predetermined depth, the general should be collected by hand, in some cases Under the automatic method can also be collected. Pollution monitoring or investigating the degree of pollution waters investigate a range of possible, especially in the larger scope of the sample shall be collected Instantaneous samples. For some test items, such as oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and other gases dissolved in the water sample, the sample should be collected instantaneously.

4.3.1.2 Continuous samples Continuous samples typically comprises, at fixed intervals samples capturing timing (depending on the time) and the collection flow rate set at a fixed interval The sample (depending on volume). Continuous samples were collected directly into commonly used at sea outfalls and other special circumstances, in order to reveal the use of instantaneous sample observation Not change.

4.3.1.3 mixed sample Mixed sample is a sample point at the same flow rate, time, volume-based hybrid of several separate parts of the sample. Mixed samples To provide an average data on the components. If the sample of the analyte in the acquisition and storage of process changes significantly, you can not use mixed water sample, to single Only collect and save.

4.3.1.4 Integrated water samples The sampling points at the same time from different water samples were obtained by mixing the water sample (time is not exactly the same, but as close as possible).

4.3.2 Requirements of the sample Once the sample is collected after, when the sampling should be kept the same state. Avoid sample collection, storage and analysis of the testing process from being Hull, water harvesting equipment, laboratory equipment, glassware, chemicals, air and operator itself produce contamination. Sample analyte Also be due to adsorption, volatilization settlement or suffer losses.

4.4 Optimization of sampling temporal frequency Determined based on the temporal and frequency selection sampling positions, first objective analysis of the large amount of historical data, the survey monitoring sea Domain characteristics Division. Zoning is the key feature of central tendency for each station and the historical data to determine the characteristics of zoning standards. Depending on the relative uniformity of the spatial and temporal characteristics of pollutants in the larger area of the uneven distribution of the waters and the local waters, using homogeneous analysis Classification methods, fuzzy set cluster analysis, etc., will monitor the polluted waters into the transition zone and the control zone.

4.5 Layout of sampling stations

4.5.1 Layout Principles Monitoring stations and monitoring sections of the layout should be determined according to the monitoring plan for monitoring projects, combined with the type of waters, hydrology, meteorology, environment and other natural Characteristics and source distribution of the factors put forward a comprehensive program to optimize distribution, determined on the basis of the research and demonstration. The main site of sampling should be combined Reasonably laid waters significant change in environmental quality or important functional use, such as near a major source of pollution in coastal or estuary. In the sea Early pollution investigation domain can be meshed distribution. Many factors affect the layout of the site, follow the following principles.

--- Can provide representative information;

--- Site surroundings geographical conditions;

--- Dynamic market conditions (current and wind fields);

--- Socio-economic characteristics and impact of regional sources of pollution;

--- Safety of navigation around the site;

---Economic Benefit Analysis;

--- Try to consider the site in the geographical distribution uniformity, and try to avoid the division of the system boundary features;

--- According to hydrological characteristics, water features, water self-purification capacity of the environment factors such differences, consider the layout of monitoring sites. Also Taking into account the natural geographical diversity and special needs. Monitoring section

4.5.2 Monitoring sections should follow the layout of coastal dense, more sparse far shore, the focus area (such as river mouths, sewage outlets, fisheries or farms, scenic, travel ) More dense, more sparse control area principle laid district, the port terminals. Section shall be set according to actual needs to master the water environment quality situation, consider spatial and temporal distribution and variation of pollutants controlled, to With fewer sections and measuring points to obtain a representative sample of the best. A section can be divided into left, center, right and at different depths, following the adoption of the measured water quality parameters, do variance analysis between each measuring point, judge Significant differences. At the same time analysis to determine how closely each measuring point, which determines the position of the sample point within the section. To determine the exact mix The number of sampling points on the cross section area is necessary to specify the minimum correlation coefficient between sampling points. Sampling along the ocean can be set on the coast Large cross section, and a plurality of sample points in the section. Sampling section estuaries zone should be laid perpendicular to the direction of the runoff diffusion. According to the terrain and hydrodynamic characteristics laid one to several sections. Harbour sampling section (station) depending on terrain, tides, waterways and the object and so laid. In the current complex region, with sampling section Shoreline vertically. Sampling stations open sea coast of vertical and horizontal cross-section grid was laid. Large sections may be provided in the ocean along the coast.

4.5.3 Sampling level Sampling levels are shown in Table 1. Table

1 Sample Hierarchy Depth Range / Standard level The bottom layer and the adjacent standard minimum distance / Less than 10 surface 10 to the surface 25, bottom 25 to the surface 50, 10m, bottom 50 to the surface 100, 10m, 50m, bottom 5 100 surface, 10m, 50m, as appropriate, the following aqueous layer plus layer, the bottom 10

Note 1. The surface of the sea means less 0.1m ~ 1m;

Note 2. the bottom of the harbor and estuary waters to take the best from the seabed in the aqueous layer 2m can increase the distance from the bottom of the deep sea or, where appropriate, when large waves.

4.7 The sampling device Technical Requirements

4.7.1 Water sampler Following is a water sampler main technical requirements.

--- Having a good charge injection and tightness for. sampler structure should be tight, shut down the system reliable, and not susceptible to blockage, water sampling Bottle of water should be fully exchanged rapidly. Parts should be reduced to a minimum;

--- Material to corrosion-resistant, non-staining, non absorbent. Trace metals in water harvesting should be non-metallic structures, often polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene and Polycarbonate as the main material, if the metal material, whereas the non-metallic material coating the surface of the metal structure;

--- Simple structure, lightweight, easy to wash, easy operation and maintenance, no residual sample before sampling, to facilitate sample transfer;

--- Is resistant against the impact of bad weather, adaptation operate under a wide range of environmental conditions. Can be at a temperature of 0 °C ~ 40 °C, relative humidity Less than 90% of the work environment;

--- Cheap, easy to promote the use of.

4.7.2 Sample Type Following is a sampling of several main types.

a) the instantaneous sample sampler Nearshore Surface water harvesting. On retractable pole wrapped in plastic bottle connected clip, fixed sampling bottles plastic bottles on the clip, ie the sampling bottle The vial. Floating throwing water harvesting device. mounted sampling bottle made of stainless steel can open the holder, the steel frame with a fixed length of nylon rope and float Connection, usually used to collect oil and other surface water samples.

b) depth comprehensive sampler Comprehensive sampling depth required for clamping a sample bottle and allowed to sink into the water mechanism, increasing the sampling bottle was submerged in the water, with Injection valve through the entire vertical section of the layers of water sample into the sample bottle. Settlement or sampling bottle to enhance the speed with correspondingly different depths Technology, along with an adjustable orifice for maintaining the pressure change in the case, the injection flow rate constant. When no such sampling device can be opened - closed water harvesting samples were collected at each depth layer, and then mixed. Open - closed water harvesting is a simple sampler, open at both ends, to the top and the bottom of each can open the lid. Water harvesting was Like when you turn into the water to reach the depth of sampling, both ends of the lid closed according to instructions, which can be taken at this time to sample the desired depth.

c) a selected depth fixed water harvesting (closed - open - closed water harvesting) Fixed to the sampling means sampling bottles in a closed-like sneak into the water, when the sample reaches the selected depth, according to the instruction to open the sample bottle charge After the full water samples, according to instructions was closed shape. Non-metallic materials constructed with closed - open - closed water harvesting device is ideal for collecting trace metal samples.

d) pumping water harvesting system Use pumping water harvesting system, you can get a large volume of water sample, and can be sampled continuously in vertical and horizontal directions, and with CTD, STD parameters associated with the monitor, so that it has a unique place. Sampling pump suction height to a minimum, the entire piping system to be tight.

4.7.3 Sampling cables and other equipment Hydrological rope should be non-metallic materials or plastic coated rope instead. The hammer should be polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene and other materials spraying. water Winch Wen measures should be taken to prevent contamination. Washed and stored sampling bottle

4.8 Washing bottle sampling requirements, see 4.12.2. Sampling should be completed for each sample bottle in a plastic bag to save, do not stick with the hull or other Direct contact with the source of pollution.

4.9 site sampling operation