GB/T 48038-2026Lithium primary battery applied for range temperature (English PDF)

1 Scope

This document specifies the model designation, the requirements for shape and performance, the safety requirements for intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse, the inspection rules, the marking, packaging, transport and storage, and the disposal of wide-temperature lithium primary batteries, and describes the corresponding test methods.

This document applies to the production, inspection and acceptance of wide-temperature lithium primary batteries.

2 Normative references

The contents of the following documents constitute indispensable provisions of this document through the normative references in the text. For dated references, only the edition corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.

GB/T 2828.1-2012, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes - Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection

GB/T 8897.1-2021, Primary batteries - Part 1: General

GB/T 8897.2-2021, Primary batteries - Part 2: Physical and electrical specifications

GB 8897.4-2008, Primary batteries - Part 4: Safety of lithium batteries

GB/T 8897.6-2024, Primary batteries - Part 6: Environmental guidelines

3 Terms and definitions, abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions. The terms and definitions given in GB/T 8897.1-2021 and GB 8897.4-2008 and the following apply to this document.

3.1.1 maximum working temperature: the upper temperature limit, stated by the manufacturer, at which the battery can meet a particular requirement of use.

3.1.2 minimum working temperature: the lower temperature limit, stated by the manufacturer, at which the battery can meet a particular requirement of use.

3.1.3 lithium primary battery applied for range temperature: a lithium primary battery whose maximum working temperature is not lower than 105 °C and whose minimum working temperature is at the same time lower than minus 35 °C.

3.1.4 rated capacity: the capacity of the battery measured under specified conditions and declared by the manufacturer.

3.1.5 nominal voltage: an approximate value of the voltage used to identify a cell or a battery.

3.1.6 AC internal resistance: the internal resistance of the battery measured with a 1 kHz sinusoidal alternating signal.

3.1.7 end-point voltage: the specified voltage at which discharge of the battery is terminated.

3.1.8 closed-circuit voltage: the voltage at the terminals of the battery when it is connected to a load and is discharging.

3.1.9 standard discharge resistance: the value of the resistance used for discharge, as specified by the manufacturer.

3.1.10 minimum average duration: the average of the discharge times obtained, for the number of samples taken, when discharging at the rated load under specified conditions. Note: the purpose is to show that the battery meets the minimum requirements of the applicable standard for its type.

3.2 Abbreviations. The following abbreviations apply to this document: ACIR, AC internal resistance; RT, range temperature.

4 Model designation

The designation system (nomenclature) for wide-temperature lithium primary batteries is determined by the dimensions and shape of the primary battery, by the electrochemical system and by modifying letters. Model designation follows C.3 of Annex C of GB/T 8897.1-2021. Models, sizes and performance requirements of some common wide-temperature lithium primary batteries are given in Annex A.

The designation method for round cells whose diameter and height are both less than 100 mm is shown in Figure 1. Note 1: the number of cells or batteries connected in parallel is not indicated. Note 2: modifying letters are used to indicate a special extreme construction, load capability or other characteristics.

Example 1: CR2032RT, a wide-temperature battery of the lithium - organic electrolyte - manganese dioxide system consisting of one round cell or of one group of round cells connected in parallel, with a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a maximum height of 3.2 mm.

Example 2: 3CR2032RT, a wide-temperature battery of the lithium - organic electrolyte - manganese dioxide system consisting of three round cells, or of three parallel groups connected in series, with a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a maximum height of 3.2 mm.

5 Requirements for shape and performance

5.1.1 Appearance. The surface of the battery shall be clean, free from obvious scratches, dents and rust, the marking shall be legible, and there shall be no leakage visible to the naked eye.

5.1.2 Dimensions. The dimensions of the battery and their tolerances, at normal temperature and when discharged to the end-point voltage, shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T 8897.2-2021 for the corresponding type. During storage at the maximum working temperature and during normal operation the overall height is allowed to exceed the upper limit of the standard, provided that the normal operation of the battery is not affected.

5.2 Open-circuit voltage. When tested according to 7.2, the open-circuit voltage shall meet the manufacturer's specification and the requirements of GB/T 8897.2-2021.

5.3 Closed-circuit voltage. When tested according to 7.3, the closed-circuit voltage shall meet the manufacturer's specification.

5.4 AC internal resistance. When tested according to 7.4, the AC internal resistance shall fall within the range of internal resistance stated by the manufacturer.

5.5 Rated capacity. When tested according to 7.5, the rated capacity shall meet the manufacturer's specification.

5.6 Pulse discharge performance at normal temperature. When tested according to 7.6, the closed-circuit voltage of the battery shall be higher than the end-point voltage specified by the manufacturer.

5.7 High-temperature discharge performance. When tested according to 7.7, the discharge capacity of the battery shall meet the high-temperature discharge capacity specified by the manufacturer or agreed between the manufacturer and the user.

5.8 High-temperature storage performance. When tested according to 7.8, the closed-circuit voltage measured at high temperature shall be greater than the value specified by the manufacturer or agreed between the manufacturer and the user.

5.9 Low-temperature pulse performance. When tested according to 7.9, the closed-circuit voltage of the battery shall be higher than the end-point voltage specified by the manufacturer.

5.10 High and low temperature shock performance. When tested according to 7.10, after the test has ended and the battery has been kept at ambient temperature for at least 24 h, there shall be no loss of mass and the battery shall not leak, vent, short-circuit, rupture, explode or catch fire.

5.11 Safety requirements. The relevant provisions of GB 8897.4-2008 shall be met.

6 Safety requirements and inspection methods for intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse

6.1 Requirements for test instruments. The accuracy of the measuring instruments shall be not lower than 0.25 % and their precision not lower than 50 % of the last significant figure. The accuracy of the instrument used for voltage measurement shall be not lower than 0.25 % and its precision not lower than 50 % of the last significant figure, and its internal resistance shall be not less than 1 megohm.

6.2 Ambient temperature. Unless otherwise specified, all inspections are carried out at an ambient temperature of 20 °C plus or minus 5 °C.

6.3 Errors of parameter measurement. The accuracy of all control values (relative to the specified value) or of the measured values (relative to the actual parameter) shall lie within the following limits: a) voltage, +/-1 %; b) current, +/-1 %; c) temperature, +/-2 °C; d) time, +/-0.1 %; e) dimensions, +/-1 %; f) capacity, +/-1 %. The errors above are the combination of the measuring instrument, the measuring technique used and all other errors of the inspection process.

6.4 Items and requirements for intended use and foreseeable misuse. The safety inspection items for lithium batteries under intended use (inspections A to D) and under reasonably foreseeable misuse (inspections E to M), together with their requirements, are given in Table 1. The items under intended use are altitude simulation, thermal shock, vibration and shock; the items under reasonably foreseeable misuse are external short circuit, impact by a heavy mass, crush, forced discharge, abnormal charging, free fall, thermal abuse, incorrect installation and over-discharge. Note 1: inspections A to E are carried out in succession on the same battery. Note 2: inspection F and inspection G are optional, one of the two being carried out. Note 3: NC, no short circuit; NE, no explosion; NF, no fire; NL, no leakage; NR, no rupture; NT, no overheating; NV, no venting. Note 4: the criteria for judging the inspection results are given in 6.2 of GB 8897.4-2008.

7 Test methods

7.1.1 Appearance. Visual inspection.

7.1.2 Dimensions. Measure the dimensions of the battery with the gauges specified in 6.1.

7.2 Open-circuit voltage. Measure the open-circuit voltage with the voltage measuring instrument specified in 6.1.

7.3 Closed-circuit voltage. Measure the closed-circuit voltage under the load specified by the manufacturer, using the voltage measuring instrument specified in 6.1.

7.4 AC internal resistance. Measure the AC internal resistance at 1 kHz with the AC internal resistance meter specified in 6.1.

7.5 Rated capacity. In an ambient temperature of 20 °C plus or minus 2 °C, discharge the battery continuously through the standard discharge resistance specified in GB/T 8897.2-2021 until the end-point voltage specified by the manufacturer or agreed between supplier and purchaser is reached. The end-point voltage shall be as specified by the manufacturer or as agreed between supplier and purchaser.

7.6 Pulse discharge performance at normal temperature. At 20 °C plus or minus 2 °C, discharge 90 % of the rated capacity from the battery through the standard discharge resistance specified in GB/T 8897.2-2021, let it stand for 24 h, then apply a pulse discharge of 0.1 s at the pulse current specified by the manufacturer or agreed between the manufacturer and the customer.

7.7 High-temperature discharge performance. Let the battery stand for 2 h at the maximum working temperature, then discharge it according to the discharge mode of Table 24 of GB/T 8897.2-2021, using the discharge mode specified by the manufacturer or agreed between supplier and purchaser.

7.8 High-temperature storage performance. After storing the battery for 300 h in an oven set to the maximum working temperature, measure the voltage across the terminals of the battery at high temperature according to the discharge mode of Table 24 of GB/T 8897.2-2021, using the value specified by the manufacturer or agreed between the manufacturer and the user.

7.9 Low-temperature pulse performance. In an environment of 20 °C plus or minus 2 °C, discharge 50 % of the rated capacity from the battery in the discharge mode specified by the manufacturer, let it stand for 24 h at room temperature, then place it in an environment at the minimum working temperature for not less than 4 h and apply a pulse discharge of 0.1 s at the pulse current specified by the manufacturer.

7.10 High and low temperature shock performance. Subject the battery to 100 alternating temperature cycles between the minimum working temperature and the maximum working temperature, with a dwell of 0.5 h in each temperature zone and a transition time between the zones of less than 10 min.

7.11 Safety performance. Carry out the tests as specified in GB 8897.4-2008.

8 Inspection rules

8.1 Acceptance inspection. The sampling plan or the product quality index shall be agreed between supplier and purchaser. Where there is no agreement between the two parties, the sampling and quality assessment recommendations of GB/T 2828.1-2012 shall be used.

8.2 Type inspection. Type inspection is carried out as specified in Table 2, which lists for each item the test method, the technical requirement, the sample size n and the number of defective batteries allowed. The sample size is 20 with zero defectives allowed for appearance, dimensions, open-circuit voltage, closed-circuit voltage, AC internal resistance and high and low temperature shock performance, and 8 with zero defectives allowed for rated capacity, pulse discharge performance at normal temperature, high-temperature discharge performance, high-temperature storage performance and low-temperature pulse performance; safety performance is carried out as specified in GB 8897.4-2008 and other related standards.

9 Marking, packaging, transport and storage

9.1 Marking. The following shall be marked in Chinese on each battery or on its immediate packaging: a) the model; b) the date of manufacture and the shelf life, or the end of the recommended period of use, which may be given in code; c) the polarity of the positive terminal (+); d) the nominal voltage; e) the name and address of the manufacturer or supplier; f) the trade mark; g) the number of the standard applied; h) precautions for safe use (warnings). Note: the Chinese battery model (that is, the IEC model) is marked; where the common designation of another country or region has to be added, see Annex E of GB/T 8897.2-2021.

9.2 Packaging. The packaging shall comply with the packaging provisions of GB/T 8897.2-2021, so that the batteries are not damaged during transport, handling and stacking. Suitable packaging materials and packaging design shall be chosen to prevent accidental conduction, extreme corrosion and ingress of moisture.

9.3 Transport. Shock and vibration during transport shall be reduced by the following means: battery cases shall not be thrown down from the truck for stacking; battery cases shall not be stacked so high that the load-bearing limit of the bottom case is exceeded; the batteries shall be protected from severe weather.

9.4 Storage and stock rotation. The storage area shall be clean, cool, dry and ventilated, and shall not be affected by the weather. In normal storage the temperature shall be between 10 °C and 25 °C and shall not exceed 30 °C. Prolonged exposure to extreme humidity (relative humidity above 95 % and below 40 %) shall be avoided. Batteries shall not be stored next to radiators or boilers, nor placed in direct sunlight. Batteries shall be sealed in special protective packaging, such as sealed plastic bags, and shall be kept in this packaging while the temperature is returning to room temperature, to protect them from condensation. Note: a rapid rise in temperature is harmful. Batteries that have returned to room temperature after refrigerated storage should be used as soon as possible. If the battery manufacturer considers it appropriate, batteries may be stored fitted in the appliance or in their packaging. As a general rule, the stacking height of paper cartons shall not exceed 1.5 m and that of wooden cases shall not exceed 3 m. The recommendations above also apply to the storage of batteries during long-distance transport; batteries should therefore be stored away from the engine on ships, and in summer they should not be left for long periods in unventilated metal wagons or containers. Batteries at the place of manufacture shall be dispatched immediately and turned over from the wholesale centre to the user; rotation may follow the order of arrival (the batteries stored first leaving first). The storage and display areas shall be planned and the packages marked accordingly.

10 Disposal

The requirements for the disposal of the batteries shall comply with Clause 7 of GB/T 8897.6-2024.