GB/T 47560-2026Wind energy generation systems - Technical specification for the yaw system of wind turbines (English PDF)

5.1 General Technical Requirements

5.1.1 The yaw system shall consist of a yaw bearing, a yaw reducer, a yaw brake, a yaw motor (or hydraulic motor), and a yaw control circuit. composition.

5.1.2 When the wind direction deviation of the wind turbine generator exceeds the set value for a certain period of time during operation, the control system should issue a yaw command and adjust the turbine in real time. The cabin position is adjusted to yaw against the wind. When the wind direction deviation is less than the yaw stop error setting value, the brakes should be applied to stop the yaw and the cabin should be locked.

5.1.3 The yaw system should, based on data collected by the nacelle position sensors, adjust its position when the wind turbine tower cable becomes entangled at a certain angle. At that time, the yaw motor is controlled to perform a safe cable release.

5.1.4 When the generator speed loses control or constraint from the main control system, causing the wind turbine speed to exceed the protection threshold, the yaw system executes a 90° crosswind. Alternatively, operate with the wind at your back and reduce the rotor speed to within the normal range as much as possible.

5.1.5 When the yaw system rotates in both directions, it should be uniform and stable, without abnormal noise or vibration.

5.1.6 The acceleration and speed capabilities of the yaw system shall meet the design requirements of the wind turbine generator set.

5.1.7 The yaw system design shall meet the requirements of GB/T 18451.1.It shall comply with the overall aircraft safety requirements, lifespan design requirements, and installation and maintenance requirements. Require.

5.1.8 Under typhoon conditions, it is advisable to actively yaw towards or away from the wind to reduce the overall load on the aircraft.

5.1.9 Yaw wind speed, wind direction, and nacelle position should be detected separately using an anemometer, wind direction sensor, and position sensor. Sensor selection... The type should meet the operating environment requirements of wind turbine generator sets.

5.1.10 The wind vane should be designed with redundancy and use two measurement methods.

5.1.11 The impact of cumulative error on yaw torsion cable encoders should be assessed and calibrated periodically.

5.2 Control System Design Requirements

5.2.1 When the torsion cable limit safety chain is activated due to yaw rotation, yaw should be stopped.

5.2.2 It should have a manual yaw function, and the cabin position of the yaw system should be adjusted through a human-machine interface, computer software, or portable device. Section, parameter settings, calibration, and status information reading. Manual operation mode should have higher priority than other control modes.

5.2.3 The yaw control system design should meet the requirements of the overall aircraft load simulation. The yaw system should respond promptly to wind and meet the overall aircraft design requirements. Require.

5.2.4 It should have comprehensive protection functions, and the control system should be able to identify faults under conditions such as yaw motor overload, overspeed, and yaw slip. Activate the protection mechanism.

5.2.5 For sites with variable wind direction, relevant strategies should be adopted to improve the stability of the yaw system against the wind.

5.2.6 When not yawing, the yaw position signal should be kept stable.

5.2.7 Yaw control should assess the impact of static errors in wind direction measurement and blind spots.

5.2.8 The yaw control loop should be able to reliably control the forward and reverse rotation of the yaw motor to achieve left and right yaw. The yaw control system should have left and right yaw capabilities. Flight interlock function.

5.2.9 The yaw electrical circuit shall have overload protection and short-circuit protection functions.

5.2.10 The safety chain of the wind turbine generator set should be able to reasonably restrain yaw movements. It should also be able to provide safety protection in emergency stops, controller watchdog timers, and cable torsion situations. The chain node should stop yawing.

5.2.11 When yawing, the safety of the equipment under the operating conditions of the wind turbine generator must be considered. The wind turbine generator control strategy should meet the yaw requirements. When untying cables is required, the safety of the wind turbine generator equipment should be protected to the greatest extent possible.

5.2.12 The basic requirements for permissible yaw in the wind are that the yaw system and hydraulic system (if there is a yaw hydraulic brake) are functioning normally, the anemometer is functioning normally, and the wind force is... The generator set is not in maintenance mode, the yaw safety chain is normal, and the wind direction deviation should be greater than the yaw error setting value.

5.2.13 The basic requirement for allowing yaw untying is that the wind turbine generator is in a stopped state, and the yaw system and hydraulic system (if there is a yaw hydraulic system) are functioning properly. Brakes are normal, yaw safety chain is normal, and cabin position should be greater than the release line setting value.

5.2.14 Other basic requirements for yaw control include that the yaw system and hydraulic system (if a yaw hydraulic brake is present) are functioning properly, and the wind turbine is operating normally. When the unit is in a shutdown or maintenance state, it should have yaw commands via maintenance handle, local monitoring panel, or central monitoring remote yaw commands.

5.3 Mechanical Design Requirements

5.3.1 The yaw system design shall be tested and verified to meet the overall functional requirements of the machine.

5.3.2 When verifying the design of the yaw drive, its operating time should not be less than 10% of the total machine operating time, but its operating time percentage should be less than 10%. Then, control simulation or test statistics with wind field data should be performed for verification.

5.3.3 If the yaw motor starts using a direct start method, the impact of the starting shock on the transmission structure must be considered.

5.3.4 The yaw motor should preferably be driven by a soft starter or a yaw frequency converter. If direct starting is used, the yaw motor should be driven by... The torque limit should not exceed the strength requirements of the transmission components.

5.3.5 Yaw braking should be achieved by the yaw motor's holding brake and the yaw brake device working together.

5.3.6 The braking torque of the yaw system should take into account the influence of the change in the friction coefficient of the brake pads on the braking torque.

5.3.7 When designing a yaw braking system, the response time of the hydraulic system and the influence of external wind loads should be taken into account.

5.3.8 When designing and verifying a yaw reducer, the uneven load during operation and the influence of frame stiffness on gear meshing should be evaluated.

5.3.9 For extreme operating conditions that exceed the design capacity of yaw drive or braking, the safety of the transmission structure under such conditions should be analyzed.

5.3.10 Wind load fluctuations can cause yaw torque oscillations, resulting in the nacelle oscillating back and forth around the tower. To reduce the impact of alternating stress on the yaw torque... To mitigate the risk of damage from the gear teeth, a certain amount of yaw damping should be designed. The yaw damping torque can be generated by the inherent friction of the yaw bearing and the load. Damping torque or damping applied by the yaw braking system.

5.3.11 The yaw system shall have a device for collecting waste lubricating grease from the yaw gears and yaw bearings.

5.4.1 Manual Yaw Function

5.4.2 Automatic Yaw Function The yaw system should be able to adjust the nacelle position in real time according to commands issued by the control system to align with the wind. Automatic yaw activation involves adjusting the wind direction. The wind direction deviation should be less than or equal to 8°; when the wind direction deviation is less than the yaw stop setting value, the brakes should be applied to stop the yaw. The wind direction error for automatic yaw stop should be... Less than or equal to 5°.

5.4.3 Automatic uncoupling function Redundancy design should be used for uncoupling wind turbine generators. Wind turbine generator cable untying should have at least two layers of protection thresholds. software protection threshold and hardware protection threshold. The cable twisting angle should reach the software... When the set threshold is reached, the wind turbine generator can actively perform cable unwinding. When the cable twist angle reaches the hardware-set threshold, the wind turbine generator should... Stop the yaw and prevent the cable from twisting beyond the limit. For wind turbine generators that use slip rings without cable disconnection, the wear and lifespan factors of the slip rings should be evaluated.

5.4.4 Protection functions of the yaw system

5.4.4.1 The protection function of the yaw system shall be executed by the overall control system.

5.4.4.2 When using a yaw soft starter or yaw frequency converter for control, the soft starter or frequency converter should communicate with the wind turbine generator control system. If any abnormality is detected, the overall control system should be able to promptly alarm or report a fault and handle the situation according to the safety strategy.

5.4.4.3 Yaw safety chain disconnection. When the safety chain of the wind turbine generator is disconnected (such as by cable twisting limit), the yaw should stop automatically.

5.4.4.4 The yaw system should have a torsion cable protection function, and should trigger a release action before reaching the specified torsion angle. Torsion cable protection should preferably employ... Dual redundancy protection for angle measurement and angle limit.

5.4.4.5 Yaw torsion encoder fault. When the yaw torsion encoder signal changes or is lost, a fault alarm should be triggered.

5.4.4.6 Yaw Motor Fault. When the thermal relay (or thermal sensor) protection switch of the yaw motor trips due to an overload fault, a fault alarm should be triggered. When the alarm is triggered... Automatic yaw should be stopped in case of malfunction.

5.4.4.7 Yaw System Brake Failure. When the yaw brake malfunctions (abnormal hydraulic pressure signal or excessive yaw brake pad wear signal, etc.), the following should be triggered. Issue a fault alarm and handle it according to the safety policy.

5.4.4.8 Yaw soft starter or yaw inverter failure. When the yaw soft starter or inverter fails, the entire unit will alarm or report a fault. When touched... When a fault alarm is triggered, yaw should be stopped and braking should be initiated, and the situation should be handled in accordance with the safety policy.

5.4.4.9 Wind vane malfunction. When the wind vane malfunctions, the entire unit should alarm or report the fault. When the fault alarm is triggered, yaw should be stopped.

5.4.5 Monitoring and maintenance functions

5.4.5.1 The yaw system shall be able to perform parameter setting, zero-point calibration, and status information display via a human-machine interface, computer software, or portable device. Read function.

5.4.5.2 The yaw system should have the function of reading and resetting faults through a human-machine interface, computer software or portable device.

5.4.5.3 The master controller should record the operating data when the yaw system fails.

5.4.5.4 The yaw system with north-alignment proximity switch calibration should be calibrated via a human-machine interface, computer software, or portable device, and its position should be recorded. Set it up and ensure that data is not lost after power failure.

5.5 Performance Requirements

5.5.1 Lightning protection requirements Lightning protection measures should be taken between the yaw system and the tower in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 33629 and NB/T 31039.

5.5.2 Corrosion Protection Requirements Throughout its service life, the corrosion protection of the yaw system of onshore wind turbine generators should comply with the requirements of C3 or above in GB/T 19292.1-2018. The corrosion protection of the yaw system of offshore wind turbine generators shall comply with the requirements of C4 and above in GB/T 19292.1-2018.

5.5.3 Enclosure Protection (IP Code) The electrical cabinet should have an IP54 protection rating, and the plug-in connection should have an IP65 protection rating. All external sensors and switches should have an IP65 protection rating.

5.6 Technical Requirements for Major Components

5.6.1 Rolling Yaw Bearing The design of rolling yaw bearings shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 29717-2013.The calculation and verification of rolling yaw bearings shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 76 and... Perform according to ISO 281, ISO 16281.2025. The contact strength of the rolling yaw bearing gear shall be checked according to Method A or Method B in GB/T 3480.2-2021; the bending strength of the yaw gear ring shall be checked. The bending strength was checked according to Method A or Method B in GB/T 3480.3-2021.The check results meet the requirements of GB/T 18451.1.

5.6.3 Yaw Motor

5.6.4 Yaw Gearbox The design of yaw reducers should meet the requirements of GB/T 18451.1 and JB/T 14675.

5.6.5 Yaw hydraulic brake (if any) The design of the yaw hydraulic brake should comply with the requirements of NB/T 31024-2021.The braking system should preferably be equipped with a brake pad wear detection sensor. Sensors.

5.6.6 Brake disc (if any) The strength and rigidity of the brake disc material should meet the requirements; if welding is used, it should also have good weldability. The connection and fixing of the brake disc should be firm and reliable, and fatigue failure should not occur during its service life.

5.6.8 Lubrication

5.6.9 High-strength fasteners High-strength fasteners should be checked for ultimate load and fatigue load to meet strength and life requirements.

6.1 Test Conditions

6.1.1 During wind field testing, the wind speed at the test site should be 2 m/s to the maintenance wind speed.

6.1.2 Experiments should avoid being conducted under special climatic conditions (such as rain, snow, ice, etc.).

6.1.3 The instruments and meters used for testing shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 18451.2 and JB/T 5777.3.

6.1.4 Before the test, check the appearance of the structure for any abnormalities.

6.2.1 Manual Yaw Function Test

6.2.1.1 Start the tested wind turbine generator set into normal shutdown state, and then manually operate the yaw system to turn clockwise. Yaw, and after yawing half a circle, stop the yawing system. Repeat this operation at least 3 times. Observe whether the clockwise yawing is smooth. Record any abnormal impacts, vibrations, or noises, and record the counterclockwise yaw results.

6.2.1.2 Start the tested wind turbine generator set into normal shutdown state, and then manually operate the yaw system to turn counterclockwise. Yaw, yaw half a circle. Stop the yaw system. Repeat this operation at least 3 times. Observe whether the yaw during counter-clockwise yaw is successful. Record the counterclockwise yaw results, ensuring the yaw is stable and free from any abnormal impacts, vibrations, or noise.

6.2.2 Automatic Yaw Function Test Start the tested wind turbine generator set into normal shutdown mode and manually yaw it to a large yaw error angle. When yaw... Yaw should be stopped when the error reaches 15°. Start the test wind turbine and put it into automatic yaw mode. Observe and record the wind turbine's behavior. Yaw response, whether the yaw direction is correct, whether the yaw process is smooth, and whether there are any abnormal impacts, vibrations, or noises. Automatic yaw... After the operation is completed, the absolute value of the yaw error should be less than 5°. Start the tested wind turbine generator set into normal shutdown mode and manually yaw it to a large yaw error angle. When yaw... Yaw should be stopped when the error reaches -15°. Start the test wind turbine and enter automatic yaw mode. Observe and record the wind turbine's behavior. Yaw response, whether the yaw direction is correct, whether the yaw process is smooth, and whether there are any abnormal impacts, abnormal vibrations, or noises, etc., automatic yaw... After the operation is completed, the absolute value of the yaw error should be less than 5°.

6.2.3 Uncable Function Test

6.2.3.1 Initial Unmooring Test of Yaw System Under the condition of initial cable disconnection of the tested wind turbine generator set, after starting the tested wind turbine generator set, the tested wind turbine generator set... The unit is in normal shutdown condition. Manually operate the yaw system to yaw until the initial unmooring trigger conditions are met. After confirmation, observe the wind under test. Check whether the generator set automatically unties the cables and eventually resets. Record the results.

6.2.3.2 Final Unmooring Test of Yaw System After starting the wind turbine under test, bring the wind turbine under test to a normal shutdown state and initially untie the yaw system. Triggering conditions. Manually operate the yaw system to yaw until the final unmooring trigger condition is met, and observe whether the tested wind turbine automatically... Perform the final untying and complete reset. Record the results.

6.2.4 Yaw Protection Test

6.2.4.1 Communication failure of yaw soft starter or yaw inverter (if any) Disconnect the communication line of the yaw soft starter or yaw inverter, observe and record the fault alarm status.

6.2.4.9 High oil temperature fault in hydraulic system Change the sampling value of the hydraulic oil temperature sensor to be higher than the hydraulic oil temperature alarm setting value, observe and record the operation results of the wind turbine generator set. Results and fault alarm status.

6.2.4.10 Low Lubricating Oil Level Fault Manually trigger the lubricating oil level sensor alarm signal, observe and record the fault alarm status.

6.2.4.11 Lubrication system blockage fault Manually trigger the lubrication blockage sensor alarm signal, observe and record the fault alarm status.

6.2.5 Inverter control communication test (if applicable) The inverter communication protocol test shall be conducted in accordance with the test methods specified in the relevant product design standards. 6.2.6 90° Yaw Crosswind Test (if applicable) Manually set the wind turbine speed, forcefully trigger the 90° crosswind start-up condition for wind turbine overspeed, and observe and record the operating status of the wind turbine generator set.

6.2.7 Lightning Protection Test Lightning protection tests shall be conducted in accordance with the methods of GB/T 33629 and NB/T 31039.

6.2.8 Corrosion Resistance Test Perform in accordance with the provisions of Table 1 in GB/T 30790.6-2014.

6.3 Inspection of major components

6.3.1 Rolling Yaw Bearing Inspection The testing of rolling yaw bearings shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 8 of GB/T 29717-2013.

6.3.2 Inspection of sliding yaw bearings The yaw gear ring and mechanical caliper of the sliding yaw bearing shall be inspected in accordance with the product design drawings and specifications.

6.3.3 Yaw Motor Testing The testing and inspection of yaw motors shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 1032. The yaw motor needs to be tested for rated torque, maximum torque, stall torque, and torque-speed relationship. The braking torque of the yaw motor brake should be tested. This can be done by applying the designed torque to the motor shaft using a torque wrench and observing the results. The method involves keeping the motor shaft stationary.

6.3.4 Yaw Gearbox Inspection The testing and inspection of yaw reducers shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of JB/T 5558 and the product technical requirements.

6.3.5 Yaw hydraulic brake inspection (if applicable) The testing of yaw hydraulic brakes shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of NB/T 31024-2021 and the product technical requirements.

6.3.6 Yaw Brake Disc Inspection (if applicable) The testing of the yaw brake disc should be carried out in accordance with the design drawings and specifications.

6.3.7 Yaw hydraulic system inspection (if applicable) Start the hydraulic pump motor, check the motor's rotation direction, check the oil level sensor, check and adjust the oil pressure, check the pressure build-up time, and perform pressure replenishment. Time and leakage conditions. The accumulator of the hydraulic system should be tested for operational performance.

7.2 Component type testing

7.2.1 The product shall undergo component type testing under any of the following circumstances.

---When undergoing product type certification;

---If significant changes occur in the structure, materials, or processes after normal production begins, potentially affecting product performance;

---When else there are requirements.

7.2.2 The type test items shall refer to the product design specifications of each component.

7.2.3 The sampling quantity of the product is 1 set, and it is not grouped during inspection.

7.2.4 The samples shall meet the requirements of all items specified in Chapters 5 and 6.

7.3 Component Factory Inspection Each component of the yaw system should undergo factory inspection at the supplier's location to ensure it conforms to the design drawings and process technical standards. After the yaw system components are assembled in the workshop, a system appearance inspection should be performed to ensure that the assembly and connections are correct and conform to the design drawings and process technology. The standard requires that the surface be clean and free from dirt, rust, and damage. If all inspection items pass, the product is deemed to have passed the factory inspection.

8.1.1 Nameplate

8.1.1.1 The nameplate information for each component of the yaw system generally includes.

a) Manufacturer's name and trademark;

b) Product model and name;

c) Specification number (if required);

d) Product manufacturing date;

e) Product number.

8.1.1.2 The outer packaging of each component of the yaw system should have labels indicating receipt and delivery, packaging, and storage and transportation symbols. The shipping markings should conform to... According to GB/T 6388, storage and transportation marking shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 191.

8.1.1.3 The instruction manuals, quality certificates, or packaging materials of each component of the yaw system shall be marked with the standard code that the product complies with.

8.1.1.4 All signs shall be standardized, clear and durable.

8.1.2 Instruction Manual The instruction manuals for each component of the yaw system shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 9969.

8.2.1 Packaging

8.2.1.1 The packaging and transportation of the yaw system should be carried out in accordance with the requirements for the whole machine.

8.2.1.2 Product-assigned documents, accessories, and consumable parts shall be packaged and supplied together in accordance with the specifications in the instruction manual.

8.2.2 Transportation The yaw system transportation shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements for the whole aircraft.

8.2.3 Storage The packaged product should be stored in an environment free from corrosive, flammable, and explosive substances, with proper temperature and humidity control as specified in Chapter 4. Indoors containing explosive substances.