GB/T 46145-2025Security and resilience - Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and documents - General principles for product fraud risk and countermeasures (English PDF)

Foreword

This document complies with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020 "Standardization Work Guidelines Part 1: Structure and Drafting Rules of Standardization Documents".

Drafting.

This document modifies and adopts ISO 22380:2018 "Safety and resilience of products and documentation – authenticity, completeness and credibility of products".

General principles of fraud risk and countermeasures.

Compared with ISO 22380:2018, this document has undergone the following structural adjustments.

---The content of sections 4.1.2, 4.2, and 4.4 is described in segments using untitled bullet points;

---Appendix A of ISO 22380:2018 has been deleted;

---Appendix A corresponds to Appendix B of ISO 22380:2018.

The technical differences between this document and ISO 22380:2018, and the reasons therefor, are as follows.

---ISO 22300 (see Chapter 3) has been replaced with the normatively referenced GB/T 44483 to meet my country's actual needs;

---Content related to "financial fraud" (see 4.1.1 of ISO 22380:2018) has been removed to comply with the scope requirements of the standard;

---The categories "Entertainment Product Fraud" and "Radical Product Fraud" have been removed from the "Motives for Product Fraud" category (see below).

(ISO 22380:2018, sections 4.2, Tables 2 and 5), to meet my country's actual needs;

---Content related to "theft" (see section 4.3 of ISO 22380:2018) has been removed to better suit my country's specific needs;

---The "Case Studies" column in the table (see Table 3 of ISO 22380:2018) has been deleted to better suit my country's actual needs;

---The category of "distribution of stolen goods" (see Tables 3 and 5 of ISO 22380:2018) has been removed to better reflect my country's actual needs;

---Change "(see ISO 12931)" in the "Explanation" section of the table regarding "counterfeiting" to "(see 3.3 of GB/T 46143-2025)".

(See Table 3) Because ISO 12931:2012 has been repealed and replaced by ISO 22383:2020, but ISO 22383:2020 does not include "false".

The term and definition of "" are not provided in GB/T 46143-2025, which contains the term and definition of "反冒".

---The category of "Packaging (or Labeling) Transfer" has been added (see Tables 3 and 5), as this type of counterfeiting fraud is more typical;

---The category of "international fraudsters" (see 4.4 of ISO 22380:2018) has been removed to conform to the scope requirements of the standard;

---The categories "criminal groups," "domestic or transnational organized crime," "radical organizations," and "government offenders" have been removed from the table (see below).

Tables 4 and 5 of ISO 22380:2018 should be consulted to meet my country's actual needs.

---Footnotes and notes in the table (see Table 5 of ISO 22380:2018) have been deleted because their content corresponds to Appendix A, and Appendix A it has been deleted;

---Add "or intellectual property" (see 4.6.1) to "Protectable Brands" to correspond to the types of "Intellectual Property Infringement" in Table 3;

---Add "or anti-counterfeiting measures" to the example content "Product Verification Tools" under "Discovery" (see Table 7), because anti-counterfeiting measures are for detecting counterfeits.

Effective methods of fraud;

---The definition of "prevention" has been changed from "taking proactive measures for consumers" to "taking proactive measures to prevent fraudulent activities" (see Table 7).

The description is clearer.

The following editorial changes have been made to this document.

---Add "Apply anti-counterfeiting technologies and popularize anti-counterfeiting identification knowledge" to the example content of "Prevention" (see Table 7);

---Change the example content for "deterrence" from "effective international criminal justice actions to arrest fraudsters" to "taking measures to punish fraudsters in accordance with the law".

Effective administrative enforcement and criminal justice actions (see Table 7);

---Change "such as security labels, security packaging, and manpower" to "such as security labels (including anti-counterfeiting labels) and security packaging (including anti-counterfeiting packaging)".

"and manpower" (see 4.7);

---ISO 12931 has been replaced by GB/T 46143-2025 (informative reference), and IEC 31010 has been replaced by GB/T 27921;

---References not relevant to this document have been removed.

Please note that some content in this document may involve patents. The issuing organization of this document assumes no responsibility for identifying patents.

This document was proposed and is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Standardization of Public Security Infrastructure (SAC/TC351).

Introduction

Product fraud has occurred in almost every type of product, and these infringements and counterfeits pose a threat to public health and public safety.

This document begins by understanding the external and internal context of product fraud, considering the reasons for fraud, and analyzing the intent and motives behind product fraud.

The types of product fraud, the types of product fraudsters, and the strategic countermeasures needed to combat product fraud.

Figure 1 illustrates how product fraud countermeasures and control strategies, as a continuous process, begin with analyzing the context of product fraud.

The process begins with classifying product fraud and fraudsters, followed by selecting/implementing countermeasures and evaluating their effectiveness.

Figure 1.Continuous process of product fraud countermeasures and control strategies.

The authenticity of security and resilience products and documentation Product fraud risk related to integrity and credibility General principles of countermeasures

1 Scope

This document establishes general principles for organizations to identify various types of product fraud and related risks associated with fraudsters, providing organizations with measures to prevent or mitigate such risks.

A guide to developing strategies and business countermeasures to minimize the harm and losses caused by fraud.

This document is applicable to organizations of all types and sizes, adapted to their needs, objectives, resources, and conditions, and aims to promote product-related fraud.

Consensus in the field of fraud risk and countermeasures.

2 Normative references

The contents of the following documents, through normative references within the text, constitute essential provisions of this document. Dated citations are not included.

For references to documents, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies.

This document.

GB/T 24353-2022 Guidelines for Risk Management (ISO 31000:2018, IDT) GB/T 44483 Terminology for Safety and Resilience (GB/T 44483-2024, ISO 22300:2021, MOD)

3 Terms and Definitions

The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 44483 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document.

Product fraud

Illegal or criminal deception that uses material products to seek economic or personal gain.

Note 1.Fraud refers to illegal or criminal acts of deception that cause social or economic harm in order to gain economic or personal benefits.

Note 2.Products include electronic media that are physical products.

Note 3.Fraud involving digital communication and electronic media needs to be considered separately.

4 General Principles of Product Fraud Risks and Countermeasures