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GB/T 45909-2025Cybersecurity technology — Implementation guideline of digital watermarking technology (English PDF)

网络安全技术数字水印技术实现指南

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Issued by

SAMR; SAC

Level / Type

National · Recommended

Issue date

June 30, 2025

Implementation date

January 1, 2026

Scope

GB/T 45909-2025 is the English-translated version of 网络安全技术数字水印技术实现指南.

GB/T 45909-2025 is the Chinese national standard covering invisible watermarks embedded in data so that a leak can be traced back — the implementation framework and the functions, the embedding, distribution and extraction stages, the choice of algorithm for documents, images, audio, video, web pages and databases, and the packaging of the service as an SDK, SaaS or product, with annexes on marking generative AI output, on data classification, and on the security model for the watermark itself. A guideline rather than a requirement: it says how to choose and deploy, and does not fix an algorithm. First edition, in force from 1 January 2026. Issued on 30 June 2025, it has been in force since 1 January 2026.

Document preview — GB/T 45909-2025

National Standard of the People's Republic of China

ICS: 35.030
Classification: L 80

Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation; Standardization Administration of the PRC

PrefaceIII
1 Scope1
2 Normative references1
3 Terms and Definitions1
4 Abbreviations2
5 Implementation Framework2
6 Function3
7 Process4
7.1 Overview4
7.2 Watermark Embedding Stage4
7.3 Watermark Carrier Distribution Phase6
7.4 Watermark Extraction Stage6
8 Watermark Algorithm Selection7
8.1 Overview7
8.2 Documentation7
8.3 Image8
8.4 Audio8
8.5 Video9
8.6 Web Page9
8.7 Database10
9 Watermark service packaging format selection11
9.1 SDK Package11
9.2 SaaS Packaging11
9.3 Product Packaging11
Appendix A (Informative) Common Digital Watermarking Algorithms12
A.1 Watermark Embedding/Extraction Algorithm12
A.2 Watermark encoding/decoding algorithm12
A.3 Compatibility of Common Watermarking Algorithms with Main Types of Watermark Carriers13
Appendix B (Informative) Typical Security Scenarios14
B.1 Data Copyright Protection14 B.2 Data Leakage Tracking and Origin14
B.3 Watermarking of Generative AI-Generated Content15
B.4 Network data classification, grading, identification and management16
B.5 Data Integrity Protection17
Appendix C (Informative) Method for evaluating the effectiveness of watermark technology functions18
C.1 Basic Functions18
C.2 Enhancement18
C.3 Specific functions18
Appendix D (Informative) Digital Watermark Security Model Reference19
D.1 Overview19
D.2 Security Threats19
D.3 Safety Goal19
D.4 Confidentiality Protection19 D.5 Integrity Assurance19
D.6 Availability Guarantee20
D.7 Testing and Evaluation20

Foreword

This document is in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020 "Guidelines for standardization work Part 1: Structure and drafting rules for standardization documents" Drafting.

Please note that some of the contents of this document may involve patents. The issuing organization of this document does not assume the responsibility for identifying patents.

This document is proposed and coordinated by the National Cybersecurity Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC260).

This document was drafted by: Alibaba (Beijing) Software Services Co., Ltd., Alibaba Cloud Computing Co., Ltd., China Electronics Technology Standardization Research Institute, Beijing Kuaishou Technology Co., Ltd., China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Tsinghua University, AsiaInfo Technologies (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., Ant Technology Group Co., Ltd., Sangfor Technologies Co., Ltd., Beijing Topsec Network Security Technology Co., Ltd., Huidun Information Security Technology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Beijing Volcano Engine Technology Co., Ltd., China Information Security Evaluation Center, National Information Technology Security Research Center Center, National Computer Network Emergency Response Technical Processing Coordination Center, Beijing Shuanxing Technology Co., Ltd., China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd., Hefei Gaowei Data Technology Co., Ltd., the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, Venusstar Information Technology Group Co., Ltd., and Beijing Yuanjian Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Anheng Information Technology Co., Ltd., Qi'anxin Technology Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Meichuang Technology Co., Ltd.

Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd., and Shenzhen Liansoft Technology Co., Ltd.

The main drafters of this document are: Zhu Hongru, Sun Yong, Sun Weiwei, Yang Rui, Zhou Chenwei, Xu Yujia, Zhu Xuefeng, Luo Hongwei, Chen Tian, Cao Jing, Jing Huiyun, Jin Tao, Xu Ke, Liao Shuangxiao, Lin Guanchen, Song Botao, Bao Yingming, Meng Bin, Lian Yihan, Fan Hangyu, Sun Mingliang, Yang Tao, Zhang Xiaona, Liu Yuhong, Jiang Weiqiang, Jingjing, Guo Yugang, Ding Zhiguo, Zhou Ruiqun, Zheng Rong, Tian Lidan, Ma Yong, Zhou Jie, Li Chaohao, Gong Xiaoqian, and Wang Yan.

Network Security Technology Digital Watermarking Technology Implementation Guide

1 Scope

This document provides the implementation framework, functions, processes, watermark algorithm selection, watermark service packaging selection and other aspects of digital watermark technology. suggestions.

This document applies to the design, development, application and testing of digital watermarking technology.

2 Normative references

GB/T 25069

3 Terms and Definitions

The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 25069 and the following apply to this document.

3.1

Identify or protect the copyright, source, or content security of digital media by embedding subtle specific information in digital content. technology.

Note. Digital watermark is short for digital watermark. The "digital watermark" in this document refers to implicit watermark (also called "dark watermark", "invisible watermark", "implicit watermark", "invisible watermark").

The embedded information is hidden and unidentifiable to the data user.

3.2 watermark information

Specific information embedded in digital media through digital watermarking technology (3.1).

Note. Common watermark information includes but is not limited to copyright information, traceability information, link information, organization/employee identifier (ID), time information, etc.

3.3 watermark carrier watermarkcarrier

Digital content such as documents, images, audio, video, web pages, databases, etc. that are used to embed or carry watermark information (3.2).

Note. In this document, it is referred to as vector.

3.4 Watermark encoding

The watermark information (3.2) is converted into a form or format suitable for embedding into a watermark carrier (3.3).

3.5 Watermark decoding watermarkdecoding

The watermark information (3.2) extracted from the watermark carrier (3.3) is restored to its original form or format.

3.6 Watermark embedding

The process of embedding watermark information (3.2) into the watermark carrier (3.3).

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This preview omits tables, figures, formulas and parts of the technical clauses. The complete document — 24 pages — is available in the English PDF.

Referenced standards

Normative references

GB/T 25069Information security techniques—Terminology

Editions of GB/T 45909

Edition	Title	Revision	Status
GB/T 45909-2025	Cybersecurity technology - Implementation guideline of digital watermarking technology	current edition	Current

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