GB/T 36416.2-2018Testing machine vocabulary—Part 2: Non-destructive testing instruments (English PDF)

2.1 Non-destructive testing and evaluation

Does not destroy the practicability and usability of the test object, inspect and/or evaluate various defects, integrity and composition on the surface and inside, and detection techniques for measuring some of its physical properties and geometric properties.

2.2 Non-destructive testing instrument

An instrument designed for nondestructive testing based on various physical principles such as electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and ray. Currently widely used: magnetic particle flaw detector, eddy current detector, ultrasonic detector, ultrasonic thickness gauge, radiographic flaw detector, infrared detector, leak detector, neutron detector, acoustic emission detectors and integrated electromagnetic and acoustic instruments.

2.3 Integrated non-destructive tester

An all-in-one instrument capable of simultaneous or time-division detection using two or more non-destructive testing techniques and methods.

3.1 Basic terms

3.1.1 Wetting action

The ability of a liquid to expand or adhere to a solid surface.

3.1.2 Capillary [tube] action

In osmotic flaw detection, small defects (such as cracks and cracks) in the surface opening are similar to capillary tubes, and the permeate is due to surface tension and adhesion. The phenomenon of the penetration of such defects by the action of force.

3.1.3 Bleedout

The penetrant comes out of the discontinuity. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.2]

3.1.4 Blotting

The developer accelerates the development of the permeate from the defect to the surface.

3.1.5 Background

The extent to which the fluorescent penetrant or coloring penetrant remains on the surface of the workpiece after removal of excess penetrant. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.1]

3.1.6 Contrast

The degree of difference in the visibility of the defect trace after display compared to the visibility (brightness or color) of the background.

3.1.7 Penetrant testing; penetration flaw detection

A typical non-destructive test, including infiltration, removal of excess penetrant, development, etc., in order to form a discontinuity in the surface opening see the display. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.20]

3.1.8 Dye penetrant testing

A penetrating flaw of the indicator mark of the defect was observed under visible light irradiation using a coloring permeate. Divided into water according to the nature of the penetrant: washing color penetrating flaw detection method, post-emulsification coloring penetrant flaw detection method, solvent removal coloring penetrant flaw detection method.

3.1.9 Fluorescent penetrant testing

A permeation flaw of the defect trace was observed by the excited fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation using a fluorescent permeate. According to the nature of the penetrant the quality is divided into water-washing fluorescence penetrant detection method, post-emulsification fluorescence penetrant inspection method, and solvent-removing fluorescence penetrant inspection method.

3.1.10 Black light; ultraviolet radiation

< Permeation detection, magnetic particle detection> Ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 320 nm to 400 nm (3200 Å to 4000 Å), that is, UV-A.

3.1.11 Indication

A trace formed by oozing a sufficient amount of permeate from the defect to indicate the presence of the defect.

3.2 Testing equipment

3.2.1 Penetrant testing unit

Equipment used in penetration testing. Usually consists of an osmotic device, an emulsifying device, a display device, a cleaning device, and a drying device. In addition to the above devices, fluorescent infiltration detection is equipped with a black light and a dark room.

3.2.2 Black light lamp; ultraviolet lamp

A device that emits black light in fluorescent penetrant inspection or magnetic particle inspection. High-pressure mercury quartz lamps and controllers with filters, etc.

3.2.3 Black light filter; ultraviolet filter

A filter device that transmits near-ultraviolet radiation while absorbing other wavelengths of radiation.

3.2.4 Pre-cleaning unit

Equipment for cleaning and drying the test piece before penetrant testing. Generally, it consists of a degreasing device, a solvent cleaning tank, a flushing spray gun, and the like.

3.2.5 Degreasing unit

A device that removes oil and has a degreasing function. Usually the bottom is equipped with a heater, and the upper part is equipped with a serpentine condenser and a supporting test piece grille, etc.

3.2.6 Penetrating device

A device for dispensing permeate. It usually consists of a drip table and a grid for supporting the test piece.

3.2.7 Emulsifier unit

A device for spraying emulsion. It is usually made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy plates with a grille and drain holes at the bottom.

3.2.8 Washing unit

A device that flushes the test piece. It is usually composed of a nozzle, water pressure regulation, water temperature adjustment, flow regulation, etc., and is equipped with a pressure gauge and temperature degree meter, etc.

3.2.9 Drying oven

An oven used to accelerate the rate of evaporation of water and water display agents. An air circulation box usually with a thermostatic control.

3.2.10 Electrostatic spraying device

Equipment used in electrostatic spraying. Generally includes electrostatic generator, powder hopper cabinet, high pressure air pump, permeate spray gun, display agent spray gun and other parts.

3.2.11 Sprayer

A closed pressure vessel. It is filled with a osmotic flaw detector and an aerosol, usually filled in a liquid state, vaporized at room temperature to form a gas pressure spray.

3.3 Accessories and materials

3.3.1 Penetrant test agent

A general term for a complete series of penetrant testing materials required for penetrant testing. Including penetrants, emulsifiers, cleaning agents, imaging agents, etc.

3.3.2 Carrier liquid

< Permeation detection, magnetic particle detection> A water quality or non-water liquid capable of dissolving or suspending a penetration test agent.

3.3.3 Penetrant

A liquid applied to the surface of the workpiece that has the ability to enter the discontinuity and remain in the excess after removal discontinuously detectable performance. It is divided into a water-washing type penetrant, a post-emulsion type penetrant, and a solvent-removing type penetrant.

3.3.4 Fluorescent penetrant

A penetrating agent that excites fluorescence under UA-A radiation. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.13]

3.3.5 Coloring penetrant

A liquid with a dye (usually red) that is observable under ordinary light.

3.3.6 Dual-purpose penetrant

A penetrant is shown which exhibits both visible light and UV-A radiation. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.7]

3.3.7 Water-washable penetrant

A penetrant that can be removed directly with water. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.37]

3.3.8 Post-emulsifiable penetrant

A penetrant that requires an emulsifier to be washed. It is an oil-based penetrant, which is divided into a post-emulsification type fluorescent penetrant and a post-emulsification type penetrant.

3.3.9 Solvent removal type penetrant

Remove excess penetrant from the surface to be tested with a suitable solvent.

3.3.10 Emulsifier

The post-emulsified penetrant is made into a washable product. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.10]

3.3.11 Hydrophilic emulsifier

A remover that can be diluted with water.

3.3.12 Lipophilic emulsifier

Oil based emulsifier.

3.3.13 Remover

A volatile solvent that dissolves the permeate to remove excess penetrant from the surface of the workpiece being inspected.

3.3.14 Developer

It has the property of sufficiently aspirating the discontinuous internal penetrant to make it easier to observe the product of the penetrant. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.4]

3.3.15 Dry developer

A fine dry powder imaging agent used primarily for fluorescence penetration. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.6]

3.3.16 Liquid film developer

A suspension of imaging agents. After drying, a film of a resin or polymer is formed.

3.3.17 Soluble developer

A non-suspended, fully soluble imaging agent in a solvent. After drying, a layer of adsorption coating is formed.

3.3.18 Suspension developer

An aqueous or non-aqueous suspension of developer particles.

3.3.19 Wetting agent

A substance added to a liquid to reduce its surface tension.

3.3.20 Ultraviolet radiation meter

< Fluorescence Penetration Detection, Magnetic Particle Detection> An apparatus for measuring the intensity of black light.

3.3.21 Test panel

Specimens with known manual discontinuities for.

--- determine and/or compare the sensitivity of the penetration detection process; or

--- regularly check the osmotic device. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.31]

3.4 Performance parameters

3.4.1 Black light intensity

The black light energy that reaches the unit area per unit time is expressed by the irradiance at a certain distance from the light source.

3.4.2 Dwell time

The total time the penetrant or emulsifier is in contact with the surface of the test piece. Includes application time and purge time.

3.4.3 Drain time

The time to remove excess penetrant or emulsifier from the part. It is part of the rest time.

3.4.4 Emulsification time

The time during which the emulsifier is combined with the permeate on the surface of the test piece before the penetrant is discharged.

3.4.5 Drying time

The time required to allow the rinsing or wet display of the test piece to dry.

3.4.6 Development time

From the application of the imaging agent to the time of starting the observation. [GB/T 12604.3-2013/ISO 12706:2009, definition 2.5]

4.1 Basic terms

4.1.1 Leakage magnetic field

After the magnetization of the ferromagnetic material, the magnetic field formed by the magnetic induction line leaving and entering the surface at the discontinuity or the change in the cross section of the magnetic circuit. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.57]

4.1.2 Magnetic particle detection

The magnetic powder shows the distribution of the leakage magnetic field of the ferromagnetic material, thereby discovering a non-destructive test of the surface or near surface defects of the material technology.

4.1.3 Fluorescent magnetic particle detection

The use of fluorescent magnetic powder to inspect the surface and near surface defects of the material under black light.

4.1.4 Magnetic permeability

The ratio of the magnetic induction intensity to the intensity of the external magnetic field that produces magnetic induction is commonly expressed by a symbol.

4.1.5 Ferromagnetic material

A material whose relative magnetic permeability is much larger than 1, and whose magnetic permeability changes with an applied magnetic field. Among these materials are iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloy.

4.1.6 Hysteresis

When the direction of the external magnetic field changes, the change in the magnetic induction strength lags behind the change in the magnetic field strength. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.65]

4.1.7 Magnetic saturation

The degree of magnetization of a particular material, after saturation, does not increase the magnetic induction even if the magnetic field strength is increased. [GB/T 1264.5-2008, definition 2.94]

4.1.8 Residual magnetism

The residual magnetic field in the ferromagnetic material when the applied magnetic field strength drops to zero. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.119]

4.1.9 Magnetizing current

The test piece is made to generate a magnetic current. Generally includes alternating current, direct current, half-wave rectified current, full-wave rectified current, pulse current, and inrush current, etc.

4.1.10 Magnetizing

The process of making a material that is not magnetically magnetic, or a process in which a single magnetic domain of a material is aligned in one direction. [GB/T 1264.5-2008, definition 2.97]

4.1.11 Circumferential magnetization

The current flows directly through the workpiece or through the center conductor, creating a circumferential closure in the workpiece that surrounds the workpiece and is perpendicular to the long axis of the workpiece. The magnetization of the magnetic field. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.16]

4.1.12 Longitudinal magnetization

The magnetic flux passing through the object to be inspected is traversed by a magnetic flux whose direction is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the object to be inspected. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.76]

4.1.13 Composite magnetization

The magnetization of the longitudinal and circumferential magnetic fields is simultaneously introduced.

4.1.14 Local magnetization

Magnetize a part of the ferromagnetic material or component.

4.1.15 Multidirectional magnetization

The test piece is magnetized in rapid succession by two or more magnetic fields in different directions. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.102]

4.1.16 Rotating magnetic field

The magnetic field strength vector has a circular, elliptical or spiral magnetic field with time.

4.1.17 Tangential magnetic field strength

A component of the magnetic field strength parallel to the surface of the workpiece being inspected. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.128]

4.1.18 Magnetic particle

An image formed by the accumulation of magnetic powder at a leakage magnetic field caused by defects and other factors.

4.1.19 Demagnetization

The magnetization of the ferromagnetic material or the remanence on the workpiece is reduced to an acceptable level. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.35]

4.2 Testing equipment

4.2.1 Magnetic particle flaw detector

A flaw detector that provides the required magnetizing current or flux for magnetic particle inspection. Divided into fixed, mobile, portable and other types.

4.2.2 Fluorescent magnetic particle flaw detector

A magnetic particle flaw detector equipped with a fluorescent magnetic powder and a black light irradiation device.

4.2.3 Stationary magnetic particle flaw detector

It can easily hold various parts of different sizes, and can easily adjust and indicate the magnetization current fixed in a certain place powder flaw detector. Generally, it includes a magnetizing power source, a clamping device, a magnetic powder spraying device, an observation device, a demagnetizing device, and the like.

4.2.4 Mobile magnetic particle flaw detector

A magnetic powder flaw detector that is mounted on a small wheel or a trolley to facilitate movement within a certain range.

4.2.5 Portable magnetic particle flaw detector

A magnetic particle flaw detector that is small in size and light in weight and easy to handle. Generally only composed of magnetized power supply, flexible cable and pole contacts. According to magnetization the types of power sources can be further divided into electromagnetic yoke flaw detectors, permanent magnet flaw detectors, and rotating magnetic field flaw detectors.

4.3 Parts, Accessories and Materials

4.3.1 [Magnetizing] contact head

A device for holding and supporting a workpiece to be inspected, and capable of introducing magnetizing current and/or forming a magnetic circuit.

4.3.2 Contact pad

A copper wire preparation placed on the electrode to improve electrical contact and prevent arc burns of the test piece.

4.3.3 Contact prods

A hand-held rod electrode used to introduce a magnetizing current from a power source into a test piece mounted on a flexible cable.

4.3.4 Magnetizing coil

A coil assembly that magnetizes a workpiece.

4.3.5 Split coil

Single or multi-turn coil assembly with plug connector. It can be separated and fastened for magnetized parts without free ends.

4.3.6 Magnetizing power supply

A power supply device that supplies magnetizing current in magnetic particle inspection. Can be divided into AC, DC, half-wave rectification, full-wave rectification, pulse current and other types.

4.3.7 Demagnetizer

< Magnetic Powder Detection, Eddy Current Detection> A device for retreating the residual magnetization in a magnetized workpiece. Generally by demagnetization power supply, demagnetization coil, controller, etc. According to the type of demagnetization current, it can be divided into DC demagnetizer, AC demagnetizer, and ultra-low frequency demagnetizer.

4.3.8 Power-off phase controller

In the residual magnetic method detection using an alternating current, an instrument that controls the phase of the alternating current power-off to stabilize the residual magnetism of the workpiece.

4.3.9 Yoke

Yoke-shaped electromagnet or permanent magnet. Usually surrounded by a "C" shaped solid or laminated soft magnetic material with a current coil.

4.3.10 Test block

In magnetic particle inspection, a sample with artificial or known natural defects to evaluate the flaw detection effect.

4.3.11 Magnetic powder

Ferromagnetic powders that can each be magnetized and adsorbed by a leakage magnetic field. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.91]

4.3.12 Fluorescent magnetic powder

A magnetic powder formed by coating a layer of a fluorescent substance on the outer surface of the ferromagnetic particle. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.54]

4.3.13 Magnetic ink; magnetic suspension

A suspension liquid in which magnetic powder and carrier liquid are mixed in a certain ratio. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.86]

4.3.14 Magnetic field meter

A meter that measures the strength of a magnetic field. [GB/T 12604.5-2008, definition 2.101]

4.3.15 Flux meter

An instrument for measuring magnetic flux.

4.3.16 Residual magnetic measuring instrument

An instrument that checks the residual magnetization of a magnetized workpiece after demagnetization.

4.3.17 Teslameter

A magnetometer that reads the field strength in units of Tesla.

4.3.18 Sutherland flask; pear-shaped sedimentation tube

A flask for measuring the amount of magnetic powder separated from a known volume of magnetic suspension by gravity. Shaped like an inverted pear, the bottom transitions into a graduated tube with a uniform cross section.

4.3.19 Powder blower

A device that uses compressed air to apply magnetic powder to the surface of a workpiece.

4.4 Performance parameters

4.4.1 Utilization

The ratio of power-on time to full working time (power-on time plus rest time).

4.4.2 Magnetizing time

The time during which the magnetic particle flaw detector magnetizes the workpiece to be inspected.

4.4.3 Maximum rated circumferential magnetizing current

The maximum axial current that a magnetic particle flaw detector can provide when clamping workpieces of corresponding diameters and lengths.

4.4.4 Ampere-turns

The product of the current flowing in the magnetizing coil and the number of turns of its coil.

4.4.5 Magnetic pole spacing

The distance between the two contacts of the magnetic particle flaw detector. Generally, it can be adjusted according to the needs of the test.

5.1 Basic terms

5.1.1 Eddy current

An alternating magnetic field induces a current generated in a conductive material. [GB/T 12604.6-2008, definition 2.1]

5.1.2 Electromagnetic induction

When the magnetic flux in the closed loop changes, a phenomenon of induced electromotive force is generated in the loop.

5.1.3 Eddy current test

The non-destructive testing technology of the inspected piece is evaluated by the electromagnetic effect of the induced eddy current.

5.1.4 Normalized resistance

The ratio of the difference between the load coil resistance and the no-load coil resistance to the inductance of the no-load coil. [GB/T 12604.6-2008, definition 2.23]

5.1.5 Normalized reactance

The ratio of the inductive reactance of the load coil to the inductive reactance of the no-load coil is a dimensionless quantity. [GB/T 12604.6-2008, definition 2.22]

5.1.6 Normalized impedance

The normalized resistance is the real part, and the normalized inductive reactance is the complex impedance of the imaginary part.

5.1.7 Impedance plan

A plane trajectory graph that detects the impedance of the coil as a function of the detected parameters.

5.1.8 Effective permeability

In order to calculate the complex variable introduced in the cylindrical conductor due to the weakening of the magnetic field caused by the eddy current, it is commonly used to calculate the number of times in the coaxial probe the output voltage of the stage coil. [GB/T 12604.6-2008, definition 2.13]

5.1.9 Incremental permeability

The ratio of the incremental magnetic flux density to the incremental magnetic field strength at a point on the magnetization curve of the magnetic material.

5.1.10 Absolute permeability

The ratio of the magnetic flux density of a magnetic material to the strength of the magnetic field that produces it.

5.1.11 Relative permeability

The ratio of absolute permeability to vacuum permeability. […]