GB 28635-2012Precast concrete paving units (English PDF)

4.1 Category

4.1.1 shape according to the shape concrete bricks into P (N) and the profiled concrete bricks (I).

4.1.2 material molding concrete bricks, concrete bricks into tape surface layer (C) and the whole body of concrete pavers (F).

4.2 Specifications

4.2.1 concrete pavers nominal thickness Size (mm) divided 60,70,80,90,100,120,150.

4.2.2 Other sizes and geometries are available upon request user and design, both parties are determined by supply and demand.

4.3 Intensity level

4.3.1 Compressive strength rating

The compressive strength of concrete pavers (MPa) into Cc40, Cc50, Cc60 three levels.

4.3.2 Flexural strength rating

Flexural strength of concrete pavers (MPa) into Cf4.0, Cf5.0, Cf6.0 three levels.

4.4 Mark

Bricks labeled product by product shape, the molding material, the thickness of the preparation, strength grade and standard number sequence.

Example. thickness 60mm, the compressive strength of concrete bricks level mark is profiled henselae Cc40.

5.1 Raw materials

5.1.1 should comply with cement Portland cement in GB 175, ordinary portland cement, GB/T 2015 and a corresponding predetermined JC/T 870.

5.1.2 fine aggregate shall comply with GB/T 14684's.

5.1.3 coarse aggregate shall comply with GB/T 14685's.

Fly 5.1.4 should be consistent with GB/T 1596's.

5.1.5 slag powder should be consistent with GB/T 18046 of.

5.1.6 industrial waste should comply with the relevant standards and specifications in China. People should not durability, biological, environmental and concrete pavers Harmful effects.

5.1.7 Concrete admixtures should meet the requirements of GB 8076.

5.1.8 mixing water and conservation of water should comply with the provisions of JGJ63.

5.1.9 pigment should be consistent with JC/T 539's.

5.1.10 radioactive material shall comply with the provisions of GB 6566.

5.2 concrete bricks facing the surface layer with a layer thickness of not less than 8mm; groove depth should not exceed a surface modified surface layer (material) of the thickness.

5.3 on the surface of concrete pavers should be chamfered edge.

5.4 concrete pavers should be positioning ribs.

6.1 Appearance quality

Appearance quality of concrete pavers should meet the requirements in Table 1.

Table 1 Appearance quality

No. Item Requirements A pavement surface or sticky skin defect maximum projection size/mm <= 5 2 pavement surface missing edge off angle or the maximum projection size/mm <= 5 3 pavement surface cracks do not approve 4 color, variegated obvious

5 Flatness/mm <= 2.0 6 verticality/mm <= 2.0

6.2 Size Tolerances

Concrete pavers size tolerances shall comply with the provisions of Table 2.

Table 2 millimeters size tolerance

No. Item Requirements 1, length, width, thickness ± 2.0 2 difference in thickness <= 2.0

6.3 Intensity level

The concrete bricks nominal length and nominal thickness ratio determining compressive strength or modulus of rupture. Nominal length and male Said thickness ratio is less than or equal to 4, the compressive strength test shall be carried out; nominal length and nominal thickness ratio of greater than 4, should anti Off strength test.

Compressive strength of concrete pavers/flexural strength rating shall comply with the requirements in Table 3.

Table 3 megapascals intensity level

Compressive strength and flexural strength Level average compressive strength monolithic minimum average flexural strength of monolithic minimum level Cc40 >=40.0 >=35.0 Cf4.0 >=4.00 >=3.20 Cc50 >=50.0 >=42.0 Cf5.0 >=5.00 >=4.20 Cc60 >=60.0 >=50.0 Cf6.0 >=6.00 >=5.00

6.4 Physical properties

The physical properties of concrete pavers should be in accordance with Table 4.

Table 4 Physical Properties

No Item Index

1 wear a

Grinding pit length/mm <= 32.0 Abrasion resistance >= 1.9 Frost resistance Cold regions D50;

Cold regions D35;

Other areas D25

After freezing the appearance of no significant changes in the appearance of quality, and in accordance with the requirements in Table 1 Strength loss /% <= 20.0

3 Water absorption /% <= 6.5 4 non-slip/BPN >= 60 5 salt freezing B (ablation amount)/(g/m2) average <=1000, and the maximum value 7 Test methods

7.1 Appearance quality

The appearance of quality test methods in Appendix A.

7.2 Size Tolerances

Size tolerance test methods in Appendix B.

7.3 Strength

7.3.1 Compressive strength

Compressive strength test method, see Appendix C.

7.3.2 Flexural strength

Flexural strength test method, see Appendix D.

7.4 Physical properties

7.4.1 Wear

7.4.1.1 Mill pit length

Grinding pit length predetermined test method GB/T 12988, but the friction time is 1min.

7.4.1.2 Durability

Abrasion resistance test method prescribed GB/T 16925's.

7.4.2 Frost resistance

Frost Resistance Test Method Appendix E.

7.4.3 Water absorption

Water Absorption Test Method Appendix F.

7.4.4 Anti-slip properties

Test method for anti-skid Appendix G.

7.4.5 Salt freezing

Salt freezing test methods specified in Annex H.

8.1 Inspection Classification

Product testing into the factory inspection and type test.

8.1.1 Factory inspection items

Factory inspection items appearance quality, dimensional tolerances and strength.

8.1.2 Type test items

8.1.2.1 type test items for the all items specified in Chapter 6.

8.1.2.2 When any of the following cases, the type of inspection should be carried out.

a) identification of new product trial stereotypes or old products to the plant production time;

b) the production of raw materials, such as, category, or concrete mix ratio changing process is greater;

c) Normal production, every six months;

D) When the factory test results and the last type test results are quite different;

After e) the long-term shutdown, resume production.

8.2 Batch

Each batch of concrete pavers should be the same type, same size, same intensity level, as a batch pavement area of 3000m2, inadequate 3000m2 also by a batch basis.

8.3 Sampling Method

8.3.1 random sampling. Before sampling, the sampling method is determined so that the extracted specimen representative.

8.3.2 Appearance quality inspection normally take secondary sampling plan.

8.3.3 normal size tolerance test to take a sampling program.

8.3.4 intensity level and physical properties and appearance quality should be qualified size tolerance test piece Extraction.

8.4 Number of samples

8.4.1 Quality Appearance

Number of samples 50 appearance quality.

8.4.2 Size Tolerances

Sample size to allow deviation number 20.

8.4.3 Intensity level

10 test specimens each intensity level.

8.4.4 Physical Properties

Physical properties of the test specimens each frost resistance 10, each specimen five other properties.

8.5 Determine the rules

8.5.1 Quality Appearance

The first sampling number of rejects (K1) and a secondary product sampling inspection defective (including the first test number of rejects) Number (K2) is determined.

If K1<=3, can acceptance; if K1>=7, refuse acceptance; if 4<=K1<=6, a second sample is allowed by regulations 8.3 and 8.4.1 test.

If K2<=8, can acceptance; if K2>=9, refuse acceptance.

8.5.2 Size Tolerances

According to a sampling inspection determines the number of rejects (K1) product.

If K1<=2, the acceptability; K1>=3, refuse acceptance.

8.5.3 Intensity level

Strength test result complies with the provisions of 6.3 and supplier level explicitly, then determine whether the product in line with the appropriate intensity level.

8.5.4 Physical Properties

Physical performance test results are in line with the provisions of 6.4, then determine whether the product physical properties qualified.

The test results, if one (or more including a) 6.4 Physical properties of non-compliant, the physical properties do not determine whether the product qualified.

If the result of the measurement using two test methods abrasion resistance of controversial value GB/T 12988 as a method for determining final test result.

8.5.5 the overall judgment when all the results are in line with Chapter 6, then determine whether the product is qualified; if one (including one or more) test result does not match when closing Chapter 6, it is determined that the product failed.

9.1 Mark

Manufactured products at least 0.5% of concrete pavers should be clearly marked.

Logo should include the manufacturer's name and or registered trademarks, product labeling, production date and inspection logo.

9.2 Quality Certificate

When the factory should provide product quality certification. Product quality certification include manufacturer name, product marks, trademarks, batch Volume number, certificate number, by unit testing and inspection staff signature.

9.3 Manual

For ease of use, concrete pavers supplier shall provide instructions for use, instructions on-site construction method, requirements, and use a reference injection quantity Italian matters.

Product shape, size and area of pavement and the purchase contract should expressly user in the specification.

10.1 Packaging

It is appropriate ceiling mount bracket packaging, transport, should be firmly tied.

10.2 Transportation

Product loading and unloading should be gently, is strictly prohibited throw, throw. Transportation should avoid a collision.

10.3 Storage

Storage site should be smooth, solid. Should batch type, size, intensity levels are stacked and stored. Bulk stacking height should not exceed 1.5m.

Appendix A

(Normative)

The appearance of quality test methods A.1 Measuring Tool A.1.1 brick with a caliper Bricks caliper (Figure A.1) or other measuring accuracy no less than 0.5mm of.

Description.

1 --- vertical scale;

2 --- feet.

Figure A.1 bricks calipers

A.1.2 ruler and gauge cutout when the slit ruler and gauges are steel materials (FIG A.2), measuring ± 1mm, to meet the accuracy 0.1mm. And the amount of slit ruler Compliance Specification Table A.1.

In millimeters

Figure A.2 exemplary slit ruler and gauges

Table A.1 slit ruler and gauges specification table millimeters

X Y A Specifications Specifications Specifications 300 1.5 2.5 400 2.0 3.5 A.2 Measurement Method A.2.1 pavement surface or sticky skin defect maximum projection size Measuring pavement or sticky skin surface defect corresponding to the long side of the concrete bricks, two wide projection size, accurate to 0.5mm (such as

Figure A.3).

Description.

L --- sticky skin defects or dimension in the longitudinal direction of the projection;

B --- sticky skin or defects in the width direction of the projection size.

A.3 pavement surface and sticky skin defect measuring method of FIG.

A.2.2 missing edge off angle or the maximum projection size Measuring or missing edge off angle at the corresponding long side of the concrete pavers edge, depth, and height dimensions of the projection, to the nearest 0.5mm (FIG A.4).

Description.

L --- missing edge off angle or projection size in the longitudinal direction;

B --- missing edge off angle or projection size in the width direction;

D --- missing edge off angle or a projection in the height direction dimension.

Figure A.4 missing edge off angle or the maximum projection size measurement methods

A.2.3 crack

Measuring surface where the maximum projected length of the crack, if a crack extending from one surface to another surface, measuring the projected length extending, fine Indeed to 0.5mm (FIG A.5).

Description.

L --- crack projection size.

FIG crack length measurements A.5

A.2.4 color, variegated on a flat ground, paving concrete pavers in a square is not less than 1m2, and in natural light or power of not less than 40W Day Light lamp, at normal vision persons from 1.5m vertically downwardly observed with the naked eye inspection.

A.2.5 flatness

A.2.5.1 shaped concrete bricks Poor Smoothness Brick branched angle with calipers placed in front of any concrete bricks around the edge portion, the intermediate sliding blocks dipstick calipers, measure the concrete Brick road surface irregularities at the maximum (Figure A.6), the nearest 0.5mm.

Figure A.6 measurement P shaped concrete bricks Evenness

A.2.5.2 shaped concrete pavers flatness Maximum distance measurement or surface irregularities maximum surface two diagonal directions, recording two measurements, to the nearest 0.1mm.

A.2.6 verticality

Bricks so that the blade caliper against brick pavement concrete pavement surface, a support edge against the corner of concrete bricks for the bottom side, is read out from the foot body Pavement concrete bricks facing edges should departing value as a vertical deviation (Figure A.7). Each edge measured twice, recording the maximum Value to the nearest 0.5mm.

Description.

1 --- verticality;

2 --- concrete pavers.

Measurement A.7 FIG verticality Appendix B (Normative) Test Method size to allow deviation B.1 Measuring Tool Measuring with this standard A.1.

B.2 Measurement Method Measurement should be removed before adhering loose particles or viscous slag measurement site of the specimen. Measure the length and width of the P-shaped concrete pavers time, Pavement surface at a position 10mm from the end face of the ridge and parallel thereto (Figure B.1), were measured between the two sides of the length value and Width value; measured shaped concrete bricks, concrete bricks to provide a nominal size in the measurement site supplier.

In millimeters

Description.

--- a length L;

B --- width;

D --- thickness.

Figure B.1 measurement length, width, thickness

B.3 thickness and difference in thickness an intermediate position on the concrete pavers and the length and width direction from the ridge line at 10mm thickness thereof were measured. Two measured thickness the difference value is the difference in thickness (FIG B.1). Measurements accurate to 0.5mm.

Appendix C

(Normative)

Test Method for Compressive Strength C.1 Test Equipment C.1.1 Testing Machine Testing machine employed or pressure testing machine universal testing machine. Accuracy Test Machine (relative error) should be less than ± 1%. Specimen it expected to destroy 20% to 80% load value range. Vertical plate dimensions tester should be larger than the size of the test piece.

C.2 Sample

C.2.1 each specimen in an amount of 10.

C.2.2 two receiving surface of the specimen should be parallel and flat. Otherwise, it should leveling process, the leveling layer thickness of less than or equal to 5mm.

C.2.3 before test accuracy no less than 0.5mm of measurement tools, measuring the actual pressure receiving area of the specimen or on the surface of the pressure receiving area.

C.3 Test Procedure

C.3.1 remove loose particles or sticky residue of the specimen surface, is placed in room temperature water for 24h ± 0.25h.

C.3.2 test piece removed from the water, wrung with a sponge or water attached to the wet towel wiped off the specimen surface, is placed under the tester platen the center position (as shown in Figure C.1).

Description.

1 --- specimen;

2 --- plaster looking plane;

--- platen 3 test machine;

Lower platen 4 --- tester.

Schematic diagram of test method for compressive C.1 C.3.3 start testing, continuous, uniform loading, rate of 0.4MPa/s ~ 0.6MPa/s, until breaking, damage recorded Load (P).

Evaluation of test results and calculation C.4 Compressive strength formula (C.1) Calculated.

Cc = PA

twenty one

Where.

CC --- compressive strength of test pieces, in megapascals (MPa);

P --- specimen failure load in Newtons (N);

A --- actual pressure receiving area of the test piece, or on the surface of the pressure receiving area of the unit square millimeters (mm2).

Test results of the compressive strength 10 specimens arithmetic average and the minimum value represents a monolith, accurate calculation result to 0.1MPa.

Appendix D

(Normative)

Test method for flexural strength D.1 Test Equipment D.1.1 Testing Machine Testing machine employed bending test machine, universal testing machine or a pressure testing machine with a bending test rack. The accuracy and range tester to Seeking the same provisions of C.1.1.

D.1.2 press rod holder and Diameter support rod and two support rods for pressurizing 25mm 40mm ~ steel rod, wherein a support rod should be able to roll freely and Adjust the level.

D.2 Sample

Each in an amount of 10 specimens.

D.3 Test Procedure

D.3.1 remove loose particles or sticky residue of the specimen surface, is placed in room temperature water for 24h ± 0.25h.

D.3.2 test piece removed from the water, wrung with a sponge or wet towel wiped off water attached to the surface of the test piece, along the longitudinal direction on the support Upper (shown in figure D.1). Flexural Offset (i.e. two base-center distance) of the specimen minus the nominal length 50mm, two end faces of the seat Heart specimens from the end face 25mm ± 5mm. Shall be padded with 4mm ± 1mm thick plywood and pressing rod between the abutment contact surface of the test piece Cushion.

And pressing the support rod length should meet the requirements of the test.

Description.

1 --- support;

2 --- specimen;

3 --- press rod;

4 --- plywood pads.

FIG D.1 schematic modulus of rupture

D.3.3 starting test machine, a continuous, uniform loading, speed is 0.04MPa/s ~ 0.06MPa/s, until breaking. recording Failure load (P).

D.3.4 calculation and evaluation of test results Flexural strength according to equation (D.1) is calculated.

Cf = 3Pl2bh2

Where.

CF2 --- specimen flexural strength, in megapascals (MPa);

P --- specimen failure load in Newtons (N);

--- the distance L between the two seats, in millimeters (mm);

B --- width of the specimen in millimeters (mm);

H --- specimen thickness, in millimeters (mm).

Test results are the arithmetic mean of 10 and a flexural strength test piece monolithic minimum expressed accurate calculation result to 0.01MPa.

Appendix E

(Normative)

Frost resistance test method E.1 equipment E.1.1 freezer (compartment). After loading the specimen can freezer (chamber) maintained at a temperature within the range of -150-5 deg.] C.

E.1.2 tank. After loading the specimen causes water temperature is maintained within the range of 10 °C ~ 30 °C.

E.2 specimen

The number of specimens in each group 10, wherein five freeze-thaw test, five against a test piece.

E.3 Test procedure

E.3.1 General

Good appearance quality should be qualified specimen. If defects, cracks, defec...