GB/T 46445.1-2025Imaging materials and prints - Abrasion resistance - Part 1: General rub testing methods (English PDF)

Foreword

This document complies with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020 "Standardization Work Guidelines Part 1: Structure and Drafting Rules of Standardization Documents".

Drafting.

This document is Part 1 of GB/T 46445 "Abrasion Resistance of Imaging Materials and Printed Matter". GB/T 46445 has published the following...

part.

---Part 1: General Friction Test Methods this document adopts ISO 18947-1:2021 "Abrasion resistance of imaging materials and printed matter - Part 1: General methods of friction testing".

Please note that some content in this document may involve patents. The issuing organization of this document assumes no responsibility for identifying patents.

This document was proposed by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.

This document is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Standardization of Photosensitive Materials (SAC/TC102).

Introduction

GB/T 46445, "Abrasion Resistance of Imaging Materials and Printed Matter," aims to establish abrasion resistance standards applicable to a wide range of imaging materials and printed matter.

The test program is planned to consist of two parts.

---Part 1: General Friction Test Methods. The aim is to provide a general method for testing the abrasion resistance of imaging materials and printed matter.

---Part 2: Abrasion Tests on Photographic Prints. The purpose is to provide abrasion resistance tests for various types of photographic prints under mild abrasion.

method.

This document describes one of a series of methods related to the durability and longevity of printed images, namely, the application of heat and moisture to the material under conditions of use.

Resistance to physical, mechanical, chemical, and/or environmental stresses. The durability of an image under environmental stress is tested individually for each of the following stress factors. light.

(ISO 18937[11]), heat (ISO 18936[10]), ozone (ISO 18941[12]), and humidity (ISO 18946[13]). These stress factors are caused by the environment.

The environmental conditions are given (users typically have limited control over these conditions). Exposure to mechanical and physical stresses is generally controllable by the user, except...

Non-aggressive treatment is an essential component for the intended use. ISO 18947 (all parts) addresses the effects of abrasion or smudging on printed materials that cause image damage or smudging.

The rubbing test was performed. ISO 18922[8] (for film), ISO 18951[14] (all parts) (for reflective printing, currently under development) the durability tests were conducted in accordance with the standards of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and ISO 18935[9], respectively, simulating accidental water leakage or food leakage.

Surface friction processes can lead to various types of degradation, such as wear, scratches, and dirt accumulation. These degradation phenomena may manifest as changes in color intensity.

The effects include a decrease in intensity, the appearance of scratches, changes in gloss, coloration of previously colorless areas, and the transfer of pigment to the acceptor.

This document provides standardized requirements for evaluating the abrasion resistance of various types of printed images.

Wear and smudges include both accidental stress generated during image processing and stress caused by repetitive operations. Here are some examples of wear and smudges.

Example of a source.

---The friction of dirt particles on the surface of printed materials;

--- Friction between papers (relative sliding);

---The sliding of printed matter on a desktop or other flat surface;

---Contact with dirt or components inside the printer;

---Magnets or other items used to display images.

The second edition transforms ISO 18947 into a partial standard, aiming to expand its application to include both analog and digital photography.

Films, graphics, and office printed materials. Furthermore, the second edition allows for the use of more types of abrasion testers. The degree of abrasion observed during testing is taken as...

It depends on a combination of many factors, including the testing printing material itself and the testing equipment.

Different testing devices vary depending on the equipment force, the relative motion of the sample (direction and velocity), the test length on the equipment, and the selection of the abrasive acceptor material.

Different factors, such as selection and geometry, result in different levels of frictional strength.

Material factors that affect the coefficient of friction and thus the sensitivity of printed images to wear conditions include surface roughness, surface elasticity, and substrate.

The porosity, chemical agents, and migration of colorants within the surface or receiving layer.

A research project aimed at expanding the applicability of this standard to various types of printed matter[24] attempted to link the degree of wear with surface roughness, surface the factors are related to the combination of elasticity, substrate porosity, paper fiber orientation, and ink composition. The sample used was a black sheet-fed offset print.

The substrate, printed materials, and test samples were all studied for the aforementioned properties. The receptors were measured using a scanning densitometer and colorimetry under diffused sample illumination.

The extent of mass transfer was examined using measurements and two different scanner-based image analysis systems. To date, an optical measurement and visual...

The correlation between assessments. This is the background for the requirement in this document to perform visual assessments on the wear sample series.

On coated photographic paper, a cyclical study was conducted by Working Group 5 of the International Organization for Standardization's Technical Committee on Photography (ISO/TC42/WG5).

A study (testing samples from the same source in multiple laboratories) revealed a correlation between wear results obtained using reciprocating and planar wear testers.

The study encompassed various imaging techniques, including silver halide, inkjet, electrophotography, and dye diffusion thermal transfer. Combined with the results of IPI[23], this study...

The study of ring abrasion provides the background for ISO 18947-2.This document is specifically for (quasi-)linear, reciprocating abrasion testing, applicable to coated photographic paper.

This includes laminated photographic paper, waterproof photographic paper, water-permeable photographic paper, and photographic film. The term (quasi) linearity refers to the properties of the film on a Sutherland type tester (see A.1).

The test motion follows the arc segment of a large-diameter circle, resulting in primarily linear motion with small orthogonal components.

Abrasion resistance of imaging materials and printed matter Part 1: General Friction Test Methods

1 Scope

This document describes the test methods used to determine the abrasion resistance of analog and digital printed materials, including photographs, graphics, and other materials on all substrates.

Publicly available printed materials. This document provides guidance on the selection and operation of abrasion testing methods and specifies the general requirements for abrasion testing equipment.

Performance requirements.

2 Normative references

The contents of the following documents, through normative references within the text, constitute essential provisions of this document. Dated citations are listed below.

For references to documents, only the version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies.

This document.

gy-Densitymeasurements-Part 3: Spectralconditions) Note. GB/T 12823.3-2025 Photographic and graphic techniques – Density measurement – Part 3: Spectral conditions (ISO 5-3:2009, MOD) Note. GB/T 12823.4-2008 Photographic density measurement - Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflectance density (ISO 5-4:1995, IDT) ISO 2813 Determination of gloss at 20°, 60° and 85° for paints and varnishes Note. GB/T 9754-2025 Determination of gloss at 20°, 60° and 85° for paints and varnishes (ISO 2813:2014, IDT) ISO 2834 (all parts) - Laboratory preparation of printed materials for testing graphic technology Note. GB/T 38153.1-2024 Laboratory preparation of printing samples for testing - Part 1: Paste inks (ISO 2834-1:2020, IDT) GB/T 38153.2-2019 Laboratory preparation of printing samples for testing printing techniques – Part 2: Liquid inks (ISO 2834-2:2015, IDT) GB/T 38153.3-2019 Laboratory preparation of print samples for printing technology testing - Part 3: Screen printing inks (ISO 2834-3:2008, IDT) ISO 8254-1 Determination of specular gloss of paper and paperboard—Part 1: Gloss of a 75° converging beam, TAPPI method (Paper) method) Note. GB/T 8941-2013 Determination of specular gloss of paper and paperboard (ISO 8254-1:2009, ISO 8254-3:2004, MOD) ISO 13655 Printing technology - Spectral measurement and colorimetric calculation of printed images Note. GB/T 19437-2025 Printing technology - Spectral measurement and colorimetric calculation of printed images (ISO 13655:2017, IDT) ISO 18947-2 Abrasion resistance of imaging materials and printed matter – Part 2: Testing of photographic prints by friction

3 Terms and Definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this document.